Chemistry

What are the four factors that affect the rate of a reaction?

Temperature, concentration, surface area, and catalyst.

What are the products of complete combustion of hydrocarbons?

Carbon dioxide and water.

What are the products of insufficient combustion?

Soot, carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, and water.

What does the collision theory state?

When reactant particles collide with enough energy, they can turn into products.

What is activation energy?

The minimum amount of energy required for a successful collision between reactant particles.

What are the health effects of combustion?

Nausea, fatal fatigue, slow death, and breathlessness.

Why does reactivity of alkali metals increase down the group?

The size of the atom increases and the attraction to the nucleus becomes weaker.

What two compounds cause rusting?

Oxygen and water.

What happens when sodium is added to water?

It turns into a ball, whizzes around, and produces hydrogen gas.

What does potassium do when added to water?

It releases a lilac flame, whizzes around, is more reactive, and floats.

How does a catalyst affect activation energy?

It lowers the activation energy, allowing reactant particles to collide successfully.

What happens when copper carbonate is heated?

It undergoes thermal decomposition, turning from green to black, and lime water turns cloudy due to carbon dioxide.

What happens to hydrated copper sulfate crystals when heated?

They turn from blue to white, indicating the loss of water molecules.

What is the general trend of reactivity for alkali metals in Group 1?

Reactivity increases down the group due to larger atomic size and weaker attraction to the nucleus.

What is the pH range of the alkaline solution formed by alkaline metals?

12 to 14. it goes purple and indicates a basic solution.

What happens to the rate of reaction with increased concentration?

More particles are available to collide with each other.

What are the halogens in Group 7?

Fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine.

What are the trends down Group 7 of halogens?

Decreased reactivity, increased atomic radius, and increased melting and boiling points. Darker colour.

What do all halogens have in common?

They have 7 electrons in their outer shell and are diatomic.

What are the noble gases in Group 0?

Helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon.

Why are noble gases stable?

They have full outer electron shells.

What are the uses of helium, radon, xenon, argon, krypton, and neon?

Helium is used in balloons; radon in cancer treatment; xenon in laser eye surgery; argon in gas blankets; krypton in advertising signs; neon in sunbeds.