Microbiology Fill in the Blank

Thucydides is known as the father of _______________.

scientific history

Researchers think that Ötzi the Iceman may have been infected with _____ disease.

lyme

The process by which microbes turn grape juice into wine is called _______________.

fermentation

In binomial nomenclature, an organism’s scientific name includes its ________ and __________.

genus and species

Haeckel proposed adding the kingdoms ________ and ________ to his phylogenetic tree.

fungi and monera

__________ are organisms without membrane-bound nuclei.

Prokaryotic

______ are microorganisms that are not included in phylogenetic trees because they are acellular.

Viruse’s

A ________ is a disease-causing microorganism.

pathogen

Multicellular parasitic worms studied by microbiologists are called ___________.

Helminths

The study of viruses is ___________.

virology

The cells of prokaryotic organisms lack a _______.

nucleus

When you see light bend as it moves from air into water, you are observing _________.

refraction

A microscope that uses multiple lenses is called a _________ microscope.

compound

Chromophores that absorb and then emit light are called __________.

fluorochromes

In a(n) _______ microscope, a probe located just above the specimen moves up and down in response to forces between the atoms and the tip of the probe.

atomic force

What is the total magnification of a specimen that is being viewed with a standard ocular lens and a 40⨯ objective lens?

400x

Ziehl-Neelsen staining, a type of _______ staining, is diagnostic for Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

acid fast

The _______ is used to differentiate bacterial cells based on the components of their cell walls.

gram stain

The assertion that “life only comes from life” was stated by Louis Pasteur in regard to his experiments that definitively refuted the theory of ___________.

spontaneous generation

John Snow is known as the Father of _____________.

epidemiology

The ____________ theory states that disease may originate from proximity to decomposing matter and is not due to person-to-person contact.

miasma

The scientist who first described cells was _____________.

Robert Hooke

Prokaryotic cells that are rod-shaped are called _____________.

bacilli

The type of inclusion containing polymerized inorganic phosphate is called _____________.

volutin (or metachromatic granule)

Peroxisomes typically produce _____________, a harsh chemical that helps break down molecules.

hydrogen peroxide

Microfilaments are composed of _____________ monomers.

actin

When prokaryotes live as interacting communities in which one population benefits to the harm of the other, the type of symbiosis is called ________.

parasitism

The domain ________ does not include prokaryotes.

eukarya

Pathogenic bacteria that are part of the transient microbiota can sometimes be eliminated by ________ therapy.

antibiotic

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria provide other organisms with usable nitrogen in the form of ________.

ammonia

Rickettsias are ________ intracellular bacteria.

obligate

The species ________, which belongs to Epsilonproteobacteria, causes peptic ulcers of the stomach and duodenum.

Helicobacter pylori

The genus Salmonella belongs to the class ________ and includes pathogens that cause salmonellosis and typhoid fever.

Gammaproteobacteria

The bacterium that causes syphilis is called ________.

Treponema pallidum pallidum

Bacteria in the genus Rhodospirillum that use hydrogen for oxidation and fix nitrogen are ________ bacteria.

purple nonsulfur

Streptococcus is the ________ of bacteria that is responsible for many human diseases.

genus

One species of Streptococcus, S. pyogenes, is a classified as a ________ pathogen due to the characteristic production of pus in infections it causes.

pyogenic

Cutibacterium belongs to ________ G+C gram-positive bacteria. One of its species is used in the food industry and another causes acne.

high

The length of the branches of the evolutionary tree characterizes the evolutionary ________ between organisms.

distance

The deeply branching bacteria are thought to be the form of life closest to the last universal ________ ________.

common ancestor

Many of the deeply branching bacteria are aquatic and hyperthermophilic, found near underwater volcanoes and thermal ocean ________.

vents

The deeply branching bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans is able to survive exposure to high doses of ________.

ionizing radiation

________ is a genus of Archaea. Its optimal environmental temperature ranges from 70 °C to 80 °C, and its optimal pH is 2–3. It oxidizes sulfur and produces sulfuric acid.

Sulfolobus

________ was once thought to be the cause of periodontal disease, but, more recently, the causal relationship between this archaean and the disease was not confirmed.

Methanobrevibacter oralis

The plasma membrane of a protist is called the __________.

plasmalemma

Animals belong to the same supergroup as the kingdom __________.

Fungi

Flukes are in class _________.

Trematoda

A species of worm in which there are distinct male and female individuals is described as _________.

dioecious

Nonseptate hyphae are also called _________.

coenocytic

Unicellular fungi are called _________.

yeasts

Some fungi have proven medically useful because they can be used to produce _________.

antibiotics

Structures in chloroplasts used to synthesize and store starch are called ________.

pyrenoids

Algae with chloroplasts with three or four membranes are a result of ________ ________.

secondary endosymbiosis

A virus that infects a bacterium is called a/an ___________________.

bacteriophage

A/an __________ virus possesses characteristics of both a polyhedral and helical virus.

complex

A virus containing only nucleic acid and a capsid is called a/an ___________________ virus or __________________ virus.

naked or nonenveloped

The ____________ _____________ on the bacteriophage allow for binding to the bacterial cell.

tail fibers

An enzyme from HIV that can make a copy of DNA from RNA is called _______________________.

reverse transcriptase

For lytic viruses, _________________ is a phase during a viral growth curve when the virus is not detected.

eclipse

Viruses can be diagnosed and observed using a(n) _____________ microscope.

Electron

Cell abnormalities resulting from a viral infection are called ____________ _____________.

cytopathic effects

Both viroids and virusoids have a(n) _________ genome, but virusoids require a(n) _________ to reproduce.

RNA, helper virus

Waxes contain esters formed from long-chain __________ and saturated __________, and they may also contain substituted hydrocarbons.

alcohols; fatty acids

Cholesterol is the most common member of the __________ group, found in animal tissues; it has a tetracyclic carbon ring system with a __________ bond in one of the rings and one free __________group.

steroid; double; hydroxyl

The sequence of amino acids in a protein is called its __________.

Primary structure

Denaturation implies the loss of the __________ and __________ structures without the loss of the __________ structure.

secondary, tertiary, primary

A FAME analysis involves the conversion of _______ to more volatile _____ for analysis using ____________.

fatty acids, methyl esters, gas chromatography

Processes in which cellular energy is used to make complex molecules from simpler ones are described as ________.

anabolic

The loss of an electron from a molecule is called ________.

oxidation

The part of an enzyme to which a substrate binds is called the ________.

active site

Per turn of the Krebs cycle, one acetyl is oxidized, forming ____ CO₂, ____ ATP, ____ NADH, and ____ FADH₂ molecules.

2; 1; 3; 1

Most commonly, glycolysis occurs by the ________ pathway.

Embden-Meyerhof

The final ETS complex used in aerobic respiration that transfers energy-depleted electrons to oxygen to form H₂O is called ________.

cytochrome oxidase

The passage of hydrogen ions through ________ down their electrochemical gradient harnesses the energy needed for ATP synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation.

ATP synthase

The microbe responsible for ethanol fermentation for the purpose of producing alcoholic beverages is ________.

yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)

________ results in the production of a mixture of fermentation products, including lactic acid, ethanol and/or acetic acid, and CO₂.

Heterolactic fermentation

Fermenting organisms make ATP through the process of ________.

glycolysis

The process by which two-carbon units are sequentially removed from fatty acids, producing acetyl-CoA, FADH₂, and NADH is called ________.

β-oxidation

The NADH and FADH₂ produced during β-oxidation are used to make ________.

ATP by oxidative phosphorylation

________ is a type of medium used to detect the production of an extracellular protease called caseinase.

Skim milk agar

The enzyme responsible for CO₂ fixation during the Calvin cycle is called ________.

ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBisCO)

The types of pigment molecules found in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria are ________ and ________.

chlorophylls and carotenoids

The molecule central to the carbon cycle that is exchanged within and between ecosystems, being produced by heterotrophs and used by autotrophs, is ________.

carbon dioxide

The use of microbes to remove pollutants from a contaminated system is called ________.

bioremediation

Direct count of total cells can be performed using a ________ or a ________.

hemocytometer or a Petroff-Hausser counting chamber

The ________ method allows direct count of total cells growing on solid medium.

plate count

A statistical estimate of the number of live cells in a liquid is usually done by ________.

most probable number

For this indirect method of estimating the growth of a culture, you measure ________ using a spectrophotometer.

turbidity

Active growth of a culture may be estimated indirectly by measuring the following products of cell metabolism: ________ or ________.

ATP or acid from fermentation

A bacterium that thrives in a soda lake where the average pH is 10.5 can be classified as a(n) ________.

alkaliphile

Lactobacillus acidophilus grows best at pH 4.5. It is considered a(n) ________.

acidophile

A bacterium that thrives in the Great Salt Lake but not in fresh water is probably a ________.

halophile

Bacteria isolated from the bottom of the ocean need high atmospheric pressures to survive. They are ________.

barophiles

Staphylococcus aureus can be grown on multipurpose growth medium or on mannitol salt agar that contains 7.5% NaCl. The bacterium is ________.

halotolerant

Blood agar contains many unspecified nutrients, supports the growth of a large number of bacteria, and allows differentiation of bacteria according to hemolysis (breakdown of blood). The medium is ________ and ________.

complex and differential

Rogosa agar contains yeast extract. The pH is adjusted to 5.2 and discourages the growth of many microorganisms; however, all the colonies look similar. The medium is ________ and ________.

complex and selective