unit 5 ap human

subsistence agriculture

Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family

Commercial Agriculture

the production of food primarily for sale off the farm

market gardening- intensvie

some of the fruits and vegetables are sold fresh to consumers, but most are sold to large processors for canning or freezing.

tropical climate

hot humid climate that produces certain plants, such as cassava, banana, sugar cane, sweet potato, papaya, rice, maize

Mediterranean climate

dry-summer climate that produces certain fruits, vegetables, and grains such as grapes, olives, figs, dates, tomatoes, zucchini, wheat, barley and prevails along the shores of the Mediterranean, in parts of California and Oregon, in central Chile, at South Africa's Cape and in parts of southwestern and southern Australia

shifting cultivation

A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period.

Pastoral Nomadism

seasonal migration of domesticated livestock, usually fixed territory between highlands and lowlands.

Ranching-extensive

the business of raising livestock (cattle, sheep)

agriculture innovations

-biotech
-gmo
-aquaculture
-soil and water use
-reductions in biodiversity
-extensive fertilizer and pesticide use

Fertile crescent

hearth of early agriculture and early civilization
southwest asia

First Agricultural Revolution

When humans achieved plant and animal domestication

intensive agriculture

large amounts of capital and/or labor per unit of cultivated land; may be part of either subsistence or commercial economy (next to people)

extensive agriculture

characterized by low inputs of labor per unit land area. (away from people)

Columbian Exchange

facilitated the global diffusion of plants, animals, diseases, human population, culture, technology, and ideas

Globalization of Agriculture

improvements in transportation and communication technologies create a variety of goods offered year-round, when they traditionally were only available seasonally-strawberries in winter

community-supported agriculture (CSA)

individuals who pledge support to a farm operation so that the growers and consumers provide mutual support

Enclosure Movement

The 18th century privatization of common lands in England, which contributed to the increase in population and the rise of industrialization.

Second Agricultural Revolution

improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of food that started in the Middle Ages and then benefited from the industrial revolution with the use of machines and new technology.

Industrial Revolution

the transformation from an agricultural society to an industrial society with the introduction of power driven machines in manufacturing, mining, transportation, and agriculture.

double cropping

2 or 3 crops grown on the same piece of land in 1 year

vertical integration

one company or corporation owns all of the steps of production
(starbucks, Frito-Lay, Purina)

Green Revolution (Third Agricultural Revolution)

high yield seeds(hybrid and/or GMOs) increased use of chemicals, mechanized farming, and elaborate irrigation systems.

Monoculture

growing one crop in a farm system at a given time

Mono-cropping

growing one crop in a farm system year after year

Land cover change

process by which agricultural areas are lost to development

soil salinization

process by which the amount of salt increases in the soil (irrigation)

multi-cropping

growing several crops in a farm system

Bid rent theory

theory that shows what various land users are prepared and able to pay for access to the center market
-intensive and extensive farming practices are in part by land costs
-extension of the von Thünen model

Agribusiness

system of commercial agriculture that links various industries to the farm

feedlots/Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs)

animals kept and raised in confined spaces and given hormones and/or antibiotics and/or fattening grains to prepare them for slaughter at a much quicker pace than traditional forms.

Desertification

process by which fertile land becomes desert as a result of human activity

commodity chain

activities involved in the creation of a product: design, production of raw materials, manufacturing and assembly, distribution

global supply chain

a worldwide network to maximize profits in production

Von Thunen Model

helps to explain rural land use by emphasizing the importance of transportation costs associated with distance from the market

economies of scale

more efficient to own large farms because you can buy supplies in bulk

pollution

process by which soil in contaminated by chemicals

Terraces Farming

flat steps are created on the sides of hills to create more land for farming

irrigation

artificial application of water to land for the facilitation of agriculture

changing diets in LDCs and MDCs

MDCs-growing demand for meat, as well as convenient, processed foods
LDCs- continued demand for meat

food insecurity

a condition in which people do not have adequate access to food

organic farming

crops produced without the use of synthetic or industrially produced pesticides and fertilizers or genetically engineered seeds

genetically modified organism (GMO)

plants or animals whose DNA has been genetically modified, often through combination of DNA from a similar plant or animal species for desired traits

subsides

public financial support

luxury crops

not essential to human survival but have a high profit margin

single crop economy

Reliance on one crop only

(economic) complementarity

degree to which one place supplies/produces something that another place demands/wants

export commodity

goods sent from one country to another for sale (some countries have become highly dependent on one or more export commodities including Haitian coffee, Sri Lanka tea, and Cuban sugar)

sustainable agriculture

farming that protects natural enviornment

conservation

the protection of wildlife and natural resources

fair trade

trade in which fair prices are paid to producers in developing countries. (high income, sustainable farming)

value added specialty crops

crops transformed from original state to more valuable state.
ex: milk to cheese

vertical farms

grow crops inside in stackable trays, using greenhouses, artificial lights, and hydroponics.

food deserts

Areas where it is difficult to find affordable, healthy food options. less than a mile

long lot survey system

divided and into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals giving each household equal access to water resources

metes and bounds survey system

irregularly shaped tracts of land

township and range survey system

rectangular survey system- divides the land into a grid like pattern

plantation agriculture-intensive

A plantation specializes in one crop that is transported for sale on the global market.

mixed crop/livestock- intensive

commercial farming characterized by integration of crops and livestock; most of the crops are fed to animals rather than consumed by humans.

nomadic herding-extensive

nomads move herds to different pastures to trade meat, milk, and hides. Rely upon animals for survival, not profit.

commercial grain farming-extensive

crops are grown primarily for human consumption. Farms sell their output to manufacturers of food products, such as breakfast cereals and bread.

agricultural biotechnology

the use of scientific tools and techniques to modify plants and animals (pesticide resistant crops, antibiotics, and biofuels)