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Refractive amblyopia

Amblyopia that results from either high or significant unequal uncorrected refractive errors.

Characteristics of isometric amblyopia

High but approximately equal uncorrected bilateral refractive error, with BVA poorer than 20/20.

Common causes of isometric amblyopia

Astigmatism > 2.50 D, Hyperopia > 5.00 D, Myopia > 8.00 D.

Anisometric amblyopia

Amblyopia that occurs when two eyes have significantly different refractive errors.

Common causes of anisometric amblyopia

Deprivation and strabismus.

Deprivation amblyopia

Amblyopia that occurs when something blocks light from entering the eye properly, such as cataracts.

Strabismic amblyopia

Amblyopia caused by misalignment of the eyes, leading to each eye sending a different image to the brain.

Risk factors for amblyopia

Prematurity, developmental disabilities, family history of anisometropia, isoametropia, strabismus, amblyopia, and cataract, as well as maternal smoking, alcohol, and drug use.

Organic amblyopia

Irreversible amblyopia due to structural or pathological causes of the eye.

Classifications of amblyopia

Functional, isometric, anisometric, strabismic, and organic.

Functional amblyopia

A reversible type of amblyopia that can improve with appropriate visual stimulation.

Types of functional amblyopia

Form deprivation and other types related to visual acuity, refraction, ocular motor deviation, sensory-motor fusion, accommodation, ocular motility, and ocular health.

Purpose of visual acuity testing in infants and young children

To reliably assess visual acuity using methods suited to their developmental age.

Maddox rod test

To assess ocular alignment and detect strabismus.

Cover test evaluation

It determines whether strabismus is present by observing eye movements when one eye is covered.

Types of sensory-motor fusion tests

Worth 4 dot test and random dot stereo test.

Hirschberg test

It assesses the alignment of the eyes by observing the corneal reflex.

Ocular motility tests

To evaluate the function and coordination of the eye muscles and the ability of the eyes to move properly.

Accommodation

It is the eye's ability to focus clearly on near objects.

Confrontation test in visual field assessment

To evaluate peripheral vision by comparing the examiner's and patient's visual fields.

Types of occlusion used in amblyopia management

Full-time occlusion, part-time occlusion, adhesive patches, spectacle occluders, contact lens occluders, and tie-on occluders.

Esotropia

When the eye turns inward.

Hypertropia

When one eye turns upward.

Hypotropia

When one eye turns downward.

Management options for strabismus?

Prescription glasses, prism therapy, vision therapy, and eye surgery.

Prism therapy

To modify the way light and images hit the eye, helping to align the visual axes.

Vision therapy goal

To retrain the eyes and the brain to improve coordination and alignment.

Amsler grid

It helps detect central scotomas and visual field defects.

Exotropia

When the eye turns outward.