BIOLOGY MIDTERM REVIEW 🧬🔬

Title

summarizes the main idea or ideas of your study

Problem

something that needs to be solved, and is written as a question

Hypothesis (claim)

an educated guess based upon your research, written as “if, then, because”

controlled experiment

a point of comparison, does not receive the treatment

independent variable

what the scientist (I), controls, changes, tests “if” part of the experiment

dependent variable

changes due to the independent variable, “then” part of the experiment - Examples: how much data will be collected, how many trials, cost, risk, time

Constants

factors that are kept the same (controlled) during an experiment Example: temperature, amount of light

experimental variable

manipulated by the researcher

data gathering + analysis

visually organize data in table, allows you to easily observe trends

eventual peer review post publishing

to check your work

microscope

used to observe things closely

orientation and measurement

length of different items

dissecting tools

used to dissect things

measuring beaker

used to measure and hold things

graduated cylinder (meniscus)

used to measure volume of liquid

ruler

measure the length of things

scale

used to measure the weight of things

thermometer

to measure temp. of different liquids

heating indicators

outside temp = effect experiment

safety

protection while completing labs

Homeostasis

(=) balance

Immune

response

metabolism

all chem. activities - synthesis (endergonic) - hydrolysis (exergonic)

respiration

releasing energy from food - anaerobic/aerobic

synthesis

building + repairing

transport

circulation + distribution throughout organism

reproduction

sexual or asexual

assimilation

how things work together

nutrition

obtaining performed organic/inorganic molecule

growth

increase cell size or #

excretion

remove waste

regulation

control + coordination of life/all activities

inorganic vs. organic compounds

Inorganic - lacks C + H together

Organic - Has C + H together

4 macromolecules

proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids

Building blocks of each

Carbohydrates - glucose

Protein - amino acids

Lipids - glycerol + fatty acids

Nucleic Acids - DNA + RNA

substrate

the surface on which an organism lives

Lock and Key

a theory that explains how enzymes and substrates interact

active site

the region of an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction

Prokaryotic Cells vs Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic - no nucleus

Eukaryotic - contains a nucleus

Comparison between plant + animal cells

plant cells - contain cell wall, cell membrane, + chloroplast

animal cells - only contain cell membrane

Organelles Structure + Function

Structure - a subcellular structure that has one or more jobs to perform in the cell

Function - store genetic information

Diffusion

movement of molecules from H—L

Facilitated Diffusion

movement from H—L with help from a protein

active transport

movement from L—H against gradient (requires ATP)

Selectively Permeable

selecting the size of the molecule taken in

Circulatory

transports nutrients +O2 to cells and carriest waste/co2 away from cells

RBC

carries o2

WBC

fights infection

Platelets

form clots to prevent blood

Capillary

diffuses o2 + nutrients

artery

carries blood away

vein

carries blood to

respiratory

gas exchange by diffusion

gas exchange

o2 lung to blood, co2 blood to lung

alveoli

millions of tiny air sacks

Homeostasis

regulate 02 in and co2 out to ensure ATP production

digestive

to break down food into smaller molecules for diffusion into cells

villi

finger like projections which allow for diffusion

carbs

glucose/energy (ose)(saccharide)

proteins

amino acids (ase)

lipids (fats)

glycerol + fatty acids

immunity

identifies + defends the body against pathogen

WBC

engulfs pathogens/make antibodies

RBC

transport o2

antigens

identifies foreign substances

memory b WBC

remembers invaders

vaccine

dead or weakened pathogen/virus

nervous

regulates all body processes/ maintains homeostasis

neurotransmitter

chemical messengers (synapse: place b/w neurons)

neuron

held specifically shaped receptors

insulin

released when glucose increases glucagon - release glucose (decrease)

organs

brain, spinal cord, nerves

endocrine

hormones

specifically shaped chemical protein messangers

responding to hormones

lock + key

diabetes

pancreas cannot properly synthesize

feedback mechanisms

maintain homeostasis