Exam Two - ANS, CNS, and Sensory

Broca’s Area

(left frontal lobe) responsible for speech production

Broca’s Aphasia Symptoms

delays/hesitation with speech

Wernicke's Area

(left temporal lobe) responsible for comprehension of language

Wernicke’s Aphasia Symptoms

“Word salad”, speaking in jumbled language

Basal Ganglia Function

modulate motor movement and process motor signals

Basal Ganglia: Direct Pathway

initiates motor movements and activate skeletal muscles

Basal Ganglia: Indirect Pathway

inhibit unwanted motor movements

Thalamus

sensory relay (station)

Hippocampus

cognitive processing and memory consolidation

Septal Area

reward pathway (addiction, dopamine)

Amygdala

emotional regulation and behavior (snap judgements and learned fear)

12 Cranial Nerves

olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal

Olfactory

smell (sensory)

Optic

vision (sensory)

Oculomotor

moves eyes medially and pupil reflex (motor)

Trochlear

eye movement downward and medially (motor)

Trigeminal

face sensation and chewing (both)

Abducens

eye movement laterally (motor)

Facial

face movement and taste (both)

Vestibulocochlear

hearing and balance (sensory)

Glossopharyngeal

throat sensation, taste, and swallowing (both)

Vagus

movement, sensation, and abdominal organs (both)

Accessory

neck movement (motor)

Hypoglossal

tongue movement (motor)

Parasympathetic Outflow

craniosacral

Parasympathetic physiological responses

Constricts pupils, stimulates digestion, contracts bladder (promotes urination), decreases heart rate, constricts bronchioles, stimulates erection

Parasympathetic Axons and Neurotransmitters

Long preganglionic axon > ACh to a nicotinic receptor > short postganglionic axon > ACh to a muscarinic receptor

Sympathetic Outflow

Thoracocolumnar

Sympathetic physiological responses

Dilates pupils, halts digestion, relaxes bladder (halts urination), increases heart rate, dilates bronchioles, stimulates orgasm

Sympathetic Axons and Neurotransmitters

Short preganglionic axon > ACh to a nicotine receptor > long postganglionic axon > norepinephrine to adrenergic receptors (beta 2) / epinephrine to blood

Does the parasympathetic nervous system activate insulin or glucagon?

PNS sends signals to pancreas (islets of langerhans) and trigger beta cells to release insulin

Medication jazz musicians use for stage fright

Beta blockers

Sleep Stages

Non-REM (light sleep/stage 1-2 and deeper slow wave sleep/stage 3-4) and REM

REM

(stage 5) vivid dream, high brain activity, increased metabolism, sleep paralysis

Types of skin receptors

Merkel’s disks, Meissner’s corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, Ruffini corpuscles, Peritrichial nerve endings

Merkel’s disks

fine touch and pressure

Meissner’s corpuscles

fine touch discrimination

Pacinian corpuscles

vibrations, deep pressure, and proprioception

Ruffini corpuscles

vibrations, stretch

Peritrichial nerve endings

detect hair movement

Dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway

Neurons cross in the medulla, so the right side of your brain processes sensations from the left side of your body, and vice versa

DCML pathway

spinal cord > medulla > thalamus to cortex

Fasciculus Cuneatus

upper body, above T6

Fasciculus Gracilis

lower body, below T6