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Chinese Revolution of 1911
alliance of rebels/revolutionaries overthrowing the Qing-->ended imperial rule in China
"Sick Man of Europe"
Ottoman Empire
Russian Revolution of 1917
Bolsheviks and supporters take control of Russia -->Soviet Union
Russian Civil War (1918-1920)
"White Russians" revolting against Soviets
->Lenin's New Economic Plan had modest success in fixing Russian economy; Lenin died-->rise of Stalin
Bolsheviks
party of radical socialists that promised "peace, land and bread" for Russia
Tsar Nicholas II
last emperor of Russia whose poor military and political decisions led to his downfall and Russia's suffering during WW1
soviets
groups of workers and soldiers led by socialists
Mexican Revolution (1910)
populist, reformist uprising that overthrew the dictatorial presidency of Porfirio Diaz
->Diaz allowed national resources to fall under foreign control
->1917 constitution: land redistribution, universal suffrage, public edu
->Lezaro Cardenas became new leader
Josef Stalin
became dictator of the Soviet Union in 1924; conducted a brutal regime
Five Year Plan
Stalin's plan to make the USSR an industrial power-->rapidly industrialize and militarized during Great Depression
Great Depression
economic crisis beginning with the US stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s; nations-especially Germany-were impoverished
Allies (WWI)
Triple Entente, US, China, Japan
Triple Entente
Britain, France, Russia
Triple Alliance
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
Central Powers
Triple Alliance, Ottoman Empire, later Bulgaria
Why did the Ottomans ally with the Triple Alliance?
the empire was falling, and the TP presented them an opportunity to regain territory and power
What sparked WWI?
Gavrilo Princip assassinating Archduke Franz Ferdinand (1914)
Black Hand
Serbian nationalist group that sought to end Austro-Hungarian presence in the Balkans of which Princip was a member of
Major causes of WW1
Militarism
Alliances
Imperialism
Nationalism
Militarism
celebrating war and armed forces
Alliances
EU formed secret alliances, which roped major nations into what could've been a two-country war
Imperialistic competition...
led to tensions among global powers and colonies
self-determination (Nationalism)
idea that those of the same ethnicity, who speak the same language, and who have the same cultural/political structure should be united within independent state
->Serbs and Arabs sought this and sided with the Allies
changes in modern warfare (WWI)
deadly weapons, new and improved machinery/tech, trench warfare-->stalemates
What pushed the US into joining WWI?
economic ties w/ Allies, supporting democracy for other nations, rise of anti-German sentiment (sinking of the Lusitania, Zimmermann Telegram)
Zimmermann Telegram (1917)
secret message from Germany to Mexico, encouraging an allegiance and reclamation of territory from US-Mexican War
total war
nations devoting all resources to war; domestic populations are committed to winning
propaganda
Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause
->war propoganda was often misinformed/exaggerated to pit nations against each other and recruit soldiers
how did colonies get involved in WW1?
respective "mother lands" used them for resources/troops; many colonial troops sided with the Allies with the promise of self-determination/independence
Armenian Genocide (1915)
the Ottoman Empire targeting Christian Armenians b/c they were suspected of cooperating w/ Russia
(also likely had ethnic/religious reasons)
genocide
the deliberate killing of a group of people based on ethnicity, race or religion
effects of WWI
-high casualties w/ civilian targets
-influenza epidemic as soldiers returned home
-Lost Generation (those suffering from shell shock/war PTSD) and pessimism
-modernism->embracing/celebrating the irrational; an attempt to reconcile Great War and science w/ society
-abstract, cubism, expressionism, surrealism,...
-New Science, psychology
-mandate system
Paris Peace Conference (1919)
meeting of the Big Four (w/out Russia) to decide what to do w/ Germany; overall favored harshly punishing Germany
Big Four
Woodrow Wilson (US), Georges Clemenceau (French), David Lloyd George (Britain), Vittorio Orlando (Italy)
Fourteen Points
Wilson's principles for world peace post-WWI
League of Nations
world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace; part of Wilson's Fourteen Points (US didn't join)
Treaty of Versailles (1919)
forced Germany to sign a war-guilt clause that was used to justify imposing large war reparations
Mandate System
established by Allies to control Central Powers' territories
Balfour Declaration (1917)
British gov declaring Palestine Jewish homeland, in support of Zionist efforts
March First Movement
Korean nationalist movement opposing Japanese control (1919)
May Fourth Movement
(1919) anti-Japanese demonstrations symbolizing China's growing nationalism and demand for democracy
New Deal
FDR's policies/programs in response to GD-relief, recovery, reform
fascism
extreme nationalism that involved glorifying military and blaming problems on ethnic minorities
totalitarian state
all societal aspects are gov-controlled
Indian National Congress
Indian nationalist group originally formed to air out colonial grievances to Raj, working for the rights and power for Indians under British rule
Nazis
National Socialist German Worker's Party
Adolf Hitler
Austrian-born dictator of Germany; a disgruntled WWI vet who blamed Germany's loss and weakness mainly on Jewish people-->wrote Mein Kampf in jail and led a deadly regime that promoted "Aryan" supremacy
Lebensraum
"Living room"; one of Hitler's foreign policy objectives to extend the borders of Germany into eastern and central Europe
Benito Mussolini
Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943); led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935) and allied Italy with Germany in WWII
he formed the bases of fascism
Nuremberg Laws
1935 laws defining the societal status of Jews and withdrawing citizenship from persons of non-German blood as well as restricting their rights.
Kristallnacht
"Night of Broken Glass;" anti-Jewish riots in response to a Jewish teen assassinating a German diplomat
Gandhi
brought the Indian National Congress's efforts to the globe's attention through massive marches and protests
Blitzkrieg
"lightning war" w/ fast tanks and air force (Luftwaffe)
Winston Churchill
British prime minister during WWII who's speeches heavily influenced the Allied masses
Rome-Berlin Axis
Hitler's alliance w/ Italy
Anti-Commintern Pact
Germany's military alliance w/ Japan based on distrust of Communism
Axis Powers
Germany, Italy, Japan
Third Reich
Hitler's German Empire
German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
(1939) Germany and USSR pledged not to attack each other and split control of Poland
Vichy Government
Nazi puppet government in southern France as the Nazis controlled Paris
D-Day
(June 6, 1944) Allied amphibian invasion on Normandy, France-->helped w/ the liberation of Paris
Battle of the Bulge
(1944-1945) last German offense
Final Solution
Hitler's program of systematically killing entire Jewish population
Holocaust
Nazi genocide of approx. 6 million Jews and 9 million other minorities
Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)
democracy vs. fascism
Spanish Republic
formed in 1931 after King Alfonso VIII abdicated; supported by the Loyalists in the Spanish Civil War
Popular Front
a coalition of left-wing parties; was elected by Spanish citizens in 1936 to lead Spanish Republic
Francisco Franco
Fascist leader of the Spanish revolution who led the Nationalists, helped by Hitler and Mussolini
Guernica
German/Italian bombing of this town in Spain; said to be an exercise for Germany's Luftwaffe-->Picasso's painting depicts senseless violence enacted on innocent civilians
Long March (1934-1935)
brought popularity and admiration to the Chinese Communist Party
Why did the Communists and Nationalists of China unite?
to oppose Japanese rule in 1935
Turkish National Movement
organized an army to fight for the self-determination of the Turkish people->Republic of Turkey (1923)
Manchukuo
Japanese puppet state established in Manchuria in 1931, used the last emperor of China
Rape of Nanking
(1937) the 6-week long murder and rape of Chinese civilians committed by Japanese soldiers
Pearl Harbor
surprise military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii Territory (December 1941)
Battle of Midway
1942 Allied victory in the Pacific Theatre-->turning point in Allies' favor
island hopping
Allied military strategy that involved selectively attacking weaker Japanese-occupied islands and slowly making their way to Japan
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
two Japanese cities on which the U.S. dropped the atomic bombs to end World War II
firebombing
US Air Force bombing Tokyo, Japan, and Dresden, Germany
Big Three
US (Roosevelt), Britain (Churchill), Soviet Union (Stalin)
what led to the rise of fascism and nazism?
charismatic leadership, weak governments, WWI, economic problems