WHAP Unit 7

Chinese Revolution of 1911

alliance of rebels/revolutionaries overthrowing the Qing-->ended imperial rule in China

"Sick Man of Europe"

Ottoman Empire

Russian Revolution of 1917

Bolsheviks and supporters take control of Russia -->Soviet Union

Russian Civil War (1918-1920)

"White Russians" revolting against Soviets

->Lenin's New Economic Plan had modest success in fixing Russian economy; Lenin died-->rise of Stalin

Bolsheviks

party of radical socialists that promised "peace, land and bread" for Russia

Tsar Nicholas II

last emperor of Russia whose poor military and political decisions led to his downfall and Russia's suffering during WW1

soviets

groups of workers and soldiers led by socialists

Mexican Revolution (1910)

populist, reformist uprising that overthrew the dictatorial presidency of Porfirio Diaz

->Diaz allowed national resources to fall under foreign control

->1917 constitution: land redistribution, universal suffrage, public edu

->Lezaro Cardenas became new leader

Josef Stalin

became dictator of the Soviet Union in 1924; conducted a brutal regime

Five Year Plan

Stalin's plan to make the USSR an industrial power-->rapidly industrialize and militarized during Great Depression

Great Depression

economic crisis beginning with the US stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s; nations-especially Germany-were impoverished

Allies (WWI)

Triple Entente, US, China, Japan

Triple Entente

Britain, France, Russia

Triple Alliance

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

Central Powers

Triple Alliance, Ottoman Empire, later Bulgaria

Why did the Ottomans ally with the Triple Alliance?

the empire was falling, and the TP presented them an opportunity to regain territory and power

What sparked WWI?

Gavrilo Princip assassinating Archduke Franz Ferdinand (1914)

Black Hand

Serbian nationalist group that sought to end Austro-Hungarian presence in the Balkans of which Princip was a member of

Major causes of WW1

Militarism

Alliances

Imperialism

Nationalism

Militarism

celebrating war and armed forces

Alliances

EU formed secret alliances, which roped major nations into what could've been a two-country war

Imperialistic competition...

led to tensions among global powers and colonies

self-determination (Nationalism)

idea that those of the same ethnicity, who speak the same language, and who have the same cultural/political structure should be united within independent state

->Serbs and Arabs sought this and sided with the Allies

changes in modern warfare (WWI)

deadly weapons, new and improved machinery/tech, trench warfare-->stalemates

What pushed the US into joining WWI?

economic ties w/ Allies, supporting democracy for other nations, rise of anti-German sentiment (sinking of the Lusitania, Zimmermann Telegram)

Zimmermann Telegram (1917)

secret message from Germany to Mexico, encouraging an allegiance and reclamation of territory from US-Mexican War

total war

nations devoting all resources to war; domestic populations are committed to winning

propaganda

Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause

->war propoganda was often misinformed/exaggerated to pit nations against each other and recruit soldiers

how did colonies get involved in WW1?

respective "mother lands" used them for resources/troops; many colonial troops sided with the Allies with the promise of self-determination/independence

Armenian Genocide (1915)

the Ottoman Empire targeting Christian Armenians b/c they were suspected of cooperating w/ Russia

(also likely had ethnic/religious reasons)

genocide

the deliberate killing of a group of people based on ethnicity, race or religion

effects of WWI

-high casualties w/ civilian targets

-influenza epidemic as soldiers returned home

-Lost Generation (those suffering from shell shock/war PTSD) and pessimism

-modernism->embracing/celebrating the irrational; an attempt to reconcile Great War and science w/ society

-abstract, cubism, expressionism, surrealism,...

-New Science, psychology

-mandate system

Paris Peace Conference (1919)

meeting of the Big Four (w/out Russia) to decide what to do w/ Germany; overall favored harshly punishing Germany

Big Four

Woodrow Wilson (US), Georges Clemenceau (French), David Lloyd George (Britain), Vittorio Orlando (Italy)

Fourteen Points

Wilson's principles for world peace post-WWI

League of Nations

world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace; part of Wilson's Fourteen Points (US didn't join)

Treaty of Versailles (1919)

forced Germany to sign a war-guilt clause that was used to justify imposing large war reparations

Mandate System

established by Allies to control Central Powers' territories

Balfour Declaration (1917)

British gov declaring Palestine Jewish homeland, in support of Zionist efforts

March First Movement

Korean nationalist movement opposing Japanese control (1919)

May Fourth Movement

(1919) anti-Japanese demonstrations symbolizing China's growing nationalism and demand for democracy

New Deal

FDR's policies/programs in response to GD-relief, recovery, reform

fascism

extreme nationalism that involved glorifying military and blaming problems on ethnic minorities

totalitarian state

all societal aspects are gov-controlled

Indian National Congress

Indian nationalist group originally formed to air out colonial grievances to Raj, working for the rights and power for Indians under British rule

Nazis

National Socialist German Worker's Party

Adolf Hitler

Austrian-born dictator of Germany; a disgruntled WWI vet who blamed Germany's loss and weakness mainly on Jewish people-->wrote Mein Kampf in jail and led a deadly regime that promoted "Aryan" supremacy

Lebensraum

"Living room"; one of Hitler's foreign policy objectives to extend the borders of Germany into eastern and central Europe

Benito Mussolini

Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943); led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935) and allied Italy with Germany in WWII

he formed the bases of fascism

Nuremberg Laws

1935 laws defining the societal status of Jews and withdrawing citizenship from persons of non-German blood as well as restricting their rights.

Kristallnacht

"Night of Broken Glass;" anti-Jewish riots in response to a Jewish teen assassinating a German diplomat

Gandhi

brought the Indian National Congress's efforts to the globe's attention through massive marches and protests

Blitzkrieg

"lightning war" w/ fast tanks and air force (Luftwaffe)

Winston Churchill

British prime minister during WWII who's speeches heavily influenced the Allied masses

Rome-Berlin Axis

Hitler's alliance w/ Italy

Anti-Commintern Pact

Germany's military alliance w/ Japan based on distrust of Communism

Axis Powers

Germany, Italy, Japan

Third Reich

Hitler's German Empire

German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact

(1939) Germany and USSR pledged not to attack each other and split control of Poland

Vichy Government

Nazi puppet government in southern France as the Nazis controlled Paris

D-Day

(June 6, 1944) Allied amphibian invasion on Normandy, France-->helped w/ the liberation of Paris

Battle of the Bulge

(1944-1945) last German offense

Final Solution

Hitler's program of systematically killing entire Jewish population

Holocaust

Nazi genocide of approx. 6 million Jews and 9 million other minorities

Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)

democracy vs. fascism

Spanish Republic

formed in 1931 after King Alfonso VIII abdicated; supported by the Loyalists in the Spanish Civil War

Popular Front

a coalition of left-wing parties; was elected by Spanish citizens in 1936 to lead Spanish Republic

Francisco Franco

Fascist leader of the Spanish revolution who led the Nationalists, helped by Hitler and Mussolini

Guernica

German/Italian bombing of this town in Spain; said to be an exercise for Germany's Luftwaffe-->Picasso's painting depicts senseless violence enacted on innocent civilians

Long March (1934-1935)

brought popularity and admiration to the Chinese Communist Party

Why did the Communists and Nationalists of China unite?

to oppose Japanese rule in 1935

Turkish National Movement

organized an army to fight for the self-determination of the Turkish people->Republic of Turkey (1923)

Manchukuo

Japanese puppet state established in Manchuria in 1931, used the last emperor of China

Rape of Nanking

(1937) the 6-week long murder and rape of Chinese civilians committed by Japanese soldiers

Pearl Harbor

surprise military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii Territory (December 1941)

Battle of Midway

1942 Allied victory in the Pacific Theatre-->turning point in Allies' favor

island hopping

Allied military strategy that involved selectively attacking weaker Japanese-occupied islands and slowly making their way to Japan

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

two Japanese cities on which the U.S. dropped the atomic bombs to end World War II

firebombing

US Air Force bombing Tokyo, Japan, and Dresden, Germany

Big Three

US (Roosevelt), Britain (Churchill), Soviet Union (Stalin)

what led to the rise of fascism and nazism?

charismatic leadership, weak governments, WWI, economic problems