Nucleic Acids Flashcards

Beetle and Tatum

Revised the one gene, one enzyme theory using bread mold

Maureen Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin

Studied the DNA molecule using X-Ray diffraction

Frederick Griffin

Injected mice with harmful and harmless strains of pneumonia and said that “something” was in heat-killed bacteria that is a transforming factor that makes non violent strains deadly

Watson & Crick

Determined through studying experiments of others and viewing the X-Ray diffraction picture that DNA was in the shape of a double helix

Walter Sutton

Chromosome theory of hereditary

Hershey and Chase

Used sulfur and phosphorus markers to deiscover that DNA contains hereditary information, not proteins

Friedrich Meischer

Used bloody bandages from hospitals to isolate and observe nucleic acids

Thomas Hunt Morgan

Discovered sex-linkage through studies of white eyed fruit flies (drosophila)

Avery, Mcarty, Macleod

Identified DNA as the transforming factor from Griffith’s experiment

Chargaff

Discovered that A=T and C=G (Chargaff’s rule)

DNA Subunits

Deoxyribose, Phosphate group, Nitrogen base

Purines

Adenine and Guanine (double ringed)

Pyrimidines

Cytosine and Thymine (single ringed)

The DNA strands run….

antiparallel to each other

DNA Replication Process- STEP 1

opening up the DNA double helix using DNA Helicase, and Topoisomerases

DNA Replication Process- STEP 2

Primase is made so that DNA can be synthesized on the exposed template

DNA Replication Process- STEP 3

Assembling Complementary Strands that DNA Polymerase Binds to the replication fork

DNA Replication Process- STEP 4

DNA Polymerase 1 removes primers and replaces with nucleotides, and all gaps are filled

DNA Replication Process- STEP 5

Ligase joins fragments to lagging strand

Replication

Enzymes like DNA Helicase unwind the DNA Double Helix. DNA polymerase then build a new complementary strand for each original one. Occurs in the nucleus

Transcription

The Enzyme RNA Polymerase binds to a gene’s promoter region. It separates the DNA strands and adds complementary RNA nucleotides to build the mRNA. Occurs in the nucleus

Translation

The Ribosome attaches to mRNA and reads the code on the codons. tRNA molecules carry matching amino acids to the ribosome. The ribosome links these amino acids together into a long chain. As a result, the amino acid chain folds into a fully functional protein. Occurs in the cytoplasm.

DNA Helicase

“unwinds” the dna to form the replication fork

Topoisomerase

relieves tension in the DNA by making small cuts to prevent it from twisting too tightly.

Single Strand RNA Binding Proteins

keeps the two strands apart so they don’t snap back together

DNA Primase

creates RNA primers that show the main builders where to start working

DNA Polymerase

enzyme that synthesizes new DNA strands by adding nucleotides complementary to the template strand

sliding champ

protein rings that keep the polymerase tight to the DNA

Types of Mutations

Gene mutation and Chromosomal mutation

Gene mutation

Point mutation and Frameshift Mutation

Frameshift mutation

Deletion, Duplication, Inversion, Translocation