Spanish History Lecture Notes

Flashcards for review of Spanish History lecture notes.

Maria Cristina

Wife of Fernando VII; Governed on behalf of Isabella II after Fernando's death. Brought back a liberal constitution which incensed the Carlists.

Ferdinando VII

Absolutist ruler who abolished the liberal constitution of 1812. Spain lost nearly all of its American possessions under his rule.

Don Carlos

Backed by Carlists in the First Carlist War (1833-1840). Was ultimately defeated.

Isabella II

Daughter of Maria and Ferdinando VII. Ascended to the throne at age 3, leading to the First Carlist War.

General Juan Prim y Prats

Supported by the Progresistas, who wanted to topple the monarch, but not the monarchy. Was assassinated the day Amadeo I took power.

Amadeo I

Voted to the throne in 1870. Faced opposition from left and right, leading to the Second Carlist War (1870-1876). Abdicated in 1873.

Carlos Manuel de Cespedes

Led a group of rebels in Cuba to revolt against Spanish rule in 1868, citing economic grievances and gripes about repression against the Spanish crown.

Giuseppe Mazzini

Italian politician, revolutionary, and theoretician of nationalism, author of The Duties of Man (1860).

Mikhail Bakunin

Pioneered Anarchism; a sort of socialism against the state.

Pablo Iglesias

Founder of the Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE) in 1878 and the Union General de Trabajadores (UGT) in 1888. Kicked out of the First International.

Praxedes Mateo Sagasta

Liberal Party Prime Minister who took turns with Canovas del Castillo. Legalized organized groups and radical politics like the First International.

Antonio Canovas del Castillo

Conservative Party Prime Minister who took turns with Sagasta. Assassinated by Michele Angiolillo Lombardi, an Italian anarchist in 1897.

Pierre Joseph Proudhon

The first self-proclaimed anarchist, who argued that all states were bad.

Giuseppe Fanelli

Gave out statutes of the First International and the Bakuninist Alliance in Spain in 1868. Founded the Spanish Section of the First International in 1870.

Paul Lafargue

Socialist who pretended to be a refugee from the Paris Commune.

Francesc Pi i Margall

Leader of Federal Republican Party and first Prime Minister of the First Republic (1873).

Alfonso XII

Isabella II’s son, brought an end to the First Republic in late 1874– kickstarted the Bourbon Restoration.

Paulino Pallas

Aspiring martyr who threw the bomb in the Atentado de la Gran Vía, Barcelona 1893.

Santiago Salvador

Anarchist bomber who threw a bomb into the orchestra during an opra in the Atentado del Liceo, Barcelona 1893.

General Wyler the Butcher

Spanish Army o cer and colonial administrator who served as the Governor-General of the Philippines and the Governor-General of Cuba. Reconcentration policy was a failure, led the U.S. to declare war on Spain.

Alejandro Lerroux

Anti-Dreyfuss Republican who was the editor of a number of di erent newspapers. Befriended anarchists but was very much a nationalist/imperialist.

Francisco Ferrer

Anarchist who took the blame for the Tragic Week and was executed because of his involvement with Mateo Morral, who threw a bomb into a royal procession. Creater of the Modern School.

José Canalejas

PM 1910- 1912, Assassinated by Manuel Pardiñas, 1912.

Eduard Bernstein

Argued that a post-capitalist society could be achieved through political reforms, circa 1879.

Francesc Cambo

Conservative Spanish politician from Catalonia, founder and leader of the autonomist party Lliga Regionalista.

Francisco Largo Caballero

UGT leader, “Pragmatic reformist labor leader” negative about ‘premature revolutionary adventures’.

General Miguel Primo de Rivera

Military dictator, 1923-1930. Embraced popular politics, but had no desire to fundamentally change the system.

Manuel Azaña

Major figure from a Republican Party called Republican Action. First PM and Minister of War for the Second Republic.

Jose Sanjurjo

Head of Civil Guard who was fired by government in retaliation for going on this rampage in the Sucesos de Castilblanco, May 1931. Planned a coup in 1932, San Porto insurrection (San Portada).

Jozef Pilsudski

Polish general, advocate of authoritarianism, 1926 coup.

Juan Garcia Oliver

Major CNT figure; Spanish anarcho-syndicalist revolutionary and Minister of Justice of the Second Spanish Republic under Caballero’s war government.

Santiago Casares Quiroga

Prime Minister May-July, 1936

“Six Fingers”

72 year old whose house was raided by the army during the Casas Viejas Insurrection in January 1933 after his sons participated and hid in his house. Was killed when the army burned his house down.

Jose Maria Gil Robles

Leader of Confederación Española de Derechas Autónomas (CEDA) est. 1933

Jose Calvo Sotelo

Assassinated July 13 in Madrid – retaliation by the assault guard.

General Emilio Mola

Spanish military o cer who was one of the three leaders of the Nationalist coup of July 1936.

Francisco Franco

Coordinated German support and branded himself in the Nationalist coup of July 1936.

General Eduardo López Ochoa

“The butcher of Asturias”

Leon Blum

French socialist politician and three-time Prime Minister of France. Leaked info regarding French intervention to French right-wing newspapers, which scared the Popular Front government into backing down.

Neville Chamberlain

British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from May 1937 to May 1940. Followed appeasement policy.

Antonio de Oliviera Salazar

Dictator of Portugal 1932-1968. O ered Franco a logistics base, a way for the north and south to be connected without going through Republican territory.

Juan Lopez, Joan Peiro, Federica Montseny, Juan Garcia Oliver

CNT ministers in Caballero’s government.

Buenaventura Durruti

Led the Durutti Column (CNT-FAI); main senatista figure, whereas some CNT figures joined the govt, he was interested in militia side, he brought his column to defend Madrid, sort of a martyr.

Juan Negrín López

Politician who served as prime minister of the Second Spanish Republic. Chose to be a diplomat because, Asana, concluded that they couldn’t win the war.

Jose Dfaz

Head of the PCE, proclaimed that the "Trotskyists" of the POUM had inspired the "criminal putsch in Catalonia."

Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera

Son of Miguel Primo de Rivera and founder of the Falange. Was imprisoned by the republic before the civil war started and executed at the beginning of the war.

First Republic

Lasted from 1873-1874, Isabella II is ousted in 1868 but her son, Alfonso XII is put back on the throne in late 1874.

Bourbon Restoration

Started in 1874

Primo de Rivera Dictatorship

Lasted from 1923-1930

Civil War

Lasted from 1936-1939

Franco Dictatorship

Lasted from 1939-1975

Constitutional Monarchy

Lasted from 1975-present

Constitution of 1812

Parliament issues resistance to Napoleon with their King in exile.

First Carlist War

Initiated when 2-year-old Isabella II ascended to throne after the death of her father, Fernando VII. Between the Liberal (Isabella II and her mother, Maria Cristina) and Carlist forces (Don Carlos). Carlists feel as if they’re losing the right to regional autonomy.

Glorious Revolution

Queen Isabella II dethroned in 1868. Caused by growth of democratic agitation among university intellectuals, economic slump caused by bad harvest.

El Sexenio Democrático

Starts on 30 September 1868 with the overthrow of Queen Isabella II of Spain after the Glorious Revolution, and ends on 29 December 1874 with the Bourbon Restoration, when Isabella's son Alfonso XII became King after a coup d'état . spawned the most progressive 19th-century Spanish constitution, the 1869 Constitution.

First Cuban War of Independence

Rebels led by Carlos Manuel de Cespedes, citing economic grievances and gripes about repression against the Spanish crown. Rebel leaders eventually would call for gradual abolition of slavery with compensation for slave owners – more popular in Eastern Cuba where slavery was less common.

Cuban War of Independence

Ends in the 1898 Treaty of Paris

Amadeo 1 Vote

Voted to the throne in November of 1870.

First Republic

Ran from 1873-1874

Cantonalist Revolt

Took place during the First Spanish Republic between July 1873 and January 1874.

Pavia’s Coup

Occured in January 1874, brought an end to the Republic.

Bourbon Restoration

ran from 1874-1931, Alfonso XII and Alfonso XIII. “Constitutional monarchy” but elections were limited.

Turno Pacifico

Put in place by Antonio Cánovas del Castillo and saw to it that the two "o cial" parties of the Cánovas Restoration, the Partido Conservador (or Liberal-Conservatives) and Partido Liberal (or the Liberals), retained power in alternation.

Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party (PSOE)

Founded in 1879

Guerra Chiquita

Anti-colonial war in Cuba, ran from 1879-80

Andalusia Murders

a series of murders in Andalusia were pinned on an anarchist group, FTRE denounced criminality and violent anarchism – avoiding state repression and attempting to craft an image that was ‘above-board’ in 1882.

FTRE

anarchist labor federation operated from 1881–1888

Haymarket Massacre

aftermath of a bombing that took place at a labor demonstration on May 4, 1886, at Haymarket Square in Chicago, Illinois, United States. Now May Day = international workers day.

Atentado de la Gran Vía

Bombings in Barcelona (Gran Vía, Liceo) in 1893. Paulino Pallas, who threw the bomb, is arrested, he wants to be a martyr.

Atentado del Liceo

Another bombing in Barcelona in 1893, Santiago Salvador throws bombs during an opera into the orchestra.

!Cu-Cut!

Publishes a political cartoon critical of the army in 1902-1912 that leads to attack by army on their o ces – state of emergency declared and military revived as political influence group.

Solidaridad Obrera / Confederación del Trabajo (CNT)

In 1910, Solidaridad Obrera was expanded beyond Catalan and made national union – Confederación del Trabajo (CNT).

Tragic Week

Anti-colonial uprising in Morocco, conscript army of Spanish soldiers sent over to fight Morocco in 1909.

General Strike

CNT enthusiastically endorses the strike, the PM at the time (Jose Canelejas) bans the union, and they have to go underground in 1911.

World War I

Ran from 1914-1918, Spain is neutral.

Juntas de Defensa

These Juntas were formed in 1916 to protest unfairness in the military.

Trienio Bolchevique

Wave of riots, strikes, crop-burnings, etc in the south of rural Spain from 1918-1920.

La Canadiense Strike

Strike at a big power plant run by a Canadian firm, provided power to the city of Barcelona in 1919 – won the 8 hour work day in Spain!

The Second Republic

ran from 1931-1939

Sucesos de Castilblanco

Accused the Civil Guard of supporting the landowners in May, 1931. Four Civil Guards were brutally murdered by protesters, and then went on a rampage killing workers in a number of towns and cities.

“Tres Ochos”

Between 1932-1933 the CNT would launch 3 insurrections against the Republic, all of which were miserable failures.

Hitler

Came to power in 1933

CEDA and Falange Española

Both founded in 1933

Asturias Uprising and Catalan State Proclamation

Occured in October 1934, put down by Franco’s Moroccan Foreign Legion.

Popular Front

Managed to attract a decent number of radical voters because its platform was simple: amnesty and return to the reforms of the early 1930s The election in 1936 was 72% turnout.

Manuel Azaña

Becomes President in May 1936

Spanish Civil War Begins

July 17, 1936 with uprising in Morocco.

Non-Intervention Pacts

Sign by a variety of European powers in August of ‘36

May Days

Orwell, telephone building, POUM outlawed in 1937. Marked the end of the Spanish Revolution and anti-fascist unity; Important Step in Stalinist consolidation of power; Major role in ending Largo Caballero govt.

Battle of Ebro

Occured from July-November 1938, Lost on the Aragon Front