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Anatomy

The study of body structures and the relationships among them.

Physiology

The study of how the body works and its functions.

Levels of Organization

Chemical

Integumentary System

Functions include protecting the body and regulating temperature. This includes skin

Skeletal System

Functions include protection and support

Muscular System

Functions include body movement and maintaining posture. This includes muscles

Nervous System

Functions include sensation

Endocrine System

Functions include hormone production and controlling activities such as growth and metabolism. This includes hormones and glands.

Cardiovascular System

Functions include transporting blood with nutrients and oxygen to the body

Lymphatic/Immune System

Functions include defense against pathogens and returning proteins and fluid back to blood. This includes lymph nodes

Respiratory System

Functions include taking in oxygen

Digestive System

Functions include breakdown of food

Urinary System

Functions include production

Reproductive System

Functions include production of offspring. This includes gonads and associated organs.

Homeostasis

Ability of the body to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in response to a changing external environment.

Control of Homeostasis

Involves feedback loops including receptors

Receptor

Sends input to the control center.

Control Center

Evaluates the input and keeps things within normal ranges.

Effector

The body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition.

Negative Feedback Loops

Reverses a change

Examples of Negative Feedback Loops

Restoring body temperature

Positive Feedback Loops

Strengthens or reinforces a change

Example of Positive Feedback Loops

Childbirth (contractions)

Anatomical Position

Standing erect

Prone

Lying facedown

Supine

Lying face up

Directional Terms

Grouped in opposites

Anterior

Ventral

Cephalic

Superior

Medial

Proximal

Superficial

Ipsilateral

Posterior

Dorsal

Caudal

Inferior

Lateral

Distal

Deep

Contralateral

Regional Names (Head and Neck)

Cephalic

Regional Names (Chest and Back)

Back/Posterior Dorsal (mid back)

Regional Names (Upper Extremity)

Axillary (armpit)

Regional Names (Lower Extremity)

Inguinal (thigh meets trunk)

Planes and Sections

Coronal (Frontal)

Dorsal Cavity

Encloses organs of the nervous system - Cranial Cavity

Ventral Cavity

Majority of the viscera - Thoracic Cavity

Serous Membranes

Double-walled layered membrane that is associated with the body cavities

Visceral Layer

Covers and adheres to the viscera

Parietal Layer

Covers and adheres to the walls of the cavities

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Right Upper (RUQ)

Abdominopelvic Regions

Right hypochondriac

Medical Imaging

Involves techniques that allow physicians to view images of the human body

Types of Imaging Procedures

Allows physicians to diagnose anatomical and physiological abnormalities