Animal Nutrition and Digestion

Heterotrophs

Organisms that obtain energy by consuming ready-made organic matter.

Carbohydrates

Dietary components that provide energy from sugary or starchy foods.

Fats (Lipids)

Nutrients used for energy and cell membrane structure.

Proteins

Nutrients essential for building muscle and cells.

Roughage (Fibre)

Undigested food parts that pass through the body unaffected.

Purpose of Digestion

To break large molecules down into small molecules that cells can use.

Carbohydrase

Enzyme breaking down carbohydrates into simple sugars.

Protease

Enzyme breaking down proteins into amino acids.

Lipase

Enzyme breaking down fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

Scurvy

Disease caused by a Vitamin C deficiency.

Rickets

Bone disease caused by a Vitamin D or Calcium deficiency.

Anemia

Condition caused by an iron deficiency leading to reduced hemoglobin.

Kwashiorkor

Condition caused by a lack of dietary protein.

Goitre

Enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by an iodine deficiency.

Crown (Tooth)

The visible part of the tooth above the gum line.

Enamel

The hard, protective outer layer covering the tooth crown.

Dentine

The dense, bone-like tissue underlying the enamel.

Pulp

The central cavity containing blood vessels and nerves.

Human Dental Formula

2.1.2.3 over 2.1.2.3, totaling 32 teeth.

Incisors

Front teeth used for biting and cutting.

Canines

Side teeth used for tearing and holding prey.

Premolars

Teeth behind canines used for crushing and shearing.

Molars

Back teeth used for grinding and crushing.

Avian Chewing

Birds cannot chew and use their beaks to grasp or crush food.

Lamellae

Comb-like structures in duck bills that filter out inedible material.