Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 7-9

What is articular cartilage?

Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering epiphysis.

What is trabeculae?

Series or group of partitions formed by bands or columns of connective tissue, especially a plate of the calcareous tissue forming cancellous bone.

What is periosteum?

Membrane covering bone.

Define medullary canal.

Cavity in diaphysis containing yellow marrow.

Define endosteum.

Membrane lining medullary canal and other internal surfaces.

What are osteoblasts?

Immature bone-forming cells that secrete collagen; matrix.

What are osteocytes?

Mature bone cells; maintain.

Define osteoclast.

Destroy bone for development, growth, and repair.

What is spongy (cancellous) bone?

Branching plates with lots of space filled with red marrow. Found at ends of long bones and inside short, flat, irregular bones.

What is compact (dense) bone?

Continuous matrix with no gaps that provides protection and support forms external layer of all bones.

Define Volkmann's Canal.

Any of the small channels in bone that transmit blood vessels from the periosteum into the bone that lie perpendicular to and communicate with the Haversian Canals.

What is the Haversian Canal?

Where blood vessels and nerves run longitudinally.

What is canaliculi?

Connect lacunae to each other and to central canal.

What are fontanels?

Soft spots (primarily in infants' skulls).

What is an epiphyseal plate?

Hyaline cartilage remains between epiphysis and diaphysis.

Define appositional growth.

Growth in thickness; bone lining medullary canal is destroyed by osteoclasts in endosteum; osteoblasts from periosteum add new bone to outer surface.

What are sesamoid bones?

Short bones embedded in tendons (best known in patella).

Define lamellae.

Thin layer, membrane, scale, or platelike tissue or part, especially in bone tissue.

What is osteoporosis?

Major loss of bone mass that leaves bones prone to fracture. This is more frequent in women due to the drop in estrogen levels after menopause.

What is hematoma?

Vessels associated with fracture bleed, forming a clot.

What is red marrow? Where is it normally found?

It is the place where new blood cells are produced. In infants, it is in the bone cavities. In adults, it is primarily in spongy bone of skull, pelvis, ribs, sternum, clavicles, and vertebrae.

What is yellow marrow? Where is it normally found?

Bone marrow in which fat cells predominate in the meshes of reticular networks. It is found in medullary canal.

What is endochondral ossification? What bones form from it?

Formation of bone in hyaline cartilage. Forms most bones.

What is intramembranous ossification? What bones form from it?

Occurs directly in connective tissue membranes. Forms flat bones of skull, mandibles, and clavicles.

Describe simple (closed) fractures.

Bone does not penetrate skin.

Describe compound (open) fractures.

Bone penetrates skin.

Describe impacted fractures.

Fragments driven together.

Describe hairline fractures.

Fine crack in bone.

Describe a greenstick fracture.

Bone breaks incompletely; only one side of the shaft breaks, while the other bends. Common in children, whose bones have relatively more organic matrix and are more flexible than those of adults.

Describe comminuted fractures.

Bone fragments into 3 or more pieces. Particularly common in the aged, whose bones are more brittle.

Describe transverse fractures.

Fracture perpendicular to the longitudinal axis.

Which 3 vitamins are needed fr proper bone function? What does each do?

Vitamin D: needed for proper calcium absorption.

Vitamin A: osteoblast and osteoclast activity.

Vitamin C: collagen synthesis.

How do growth hormones (somatotropin) influence bone growth/maintenance?

Modulate activity of growth hormone so proportions are correct.

How do sex hormones (testosterone and estrogen) influence bone growth/maintenance?

Stimulate growth and development, then ossify epiphyseal plates.

How does serotonin influence bone growth/maintenance?

Helps regulate bone remodeling.

How does Vitamin D influence bone growth/maintenance?

Stimulates calcium absorption from small intestine.

Define diaphysis

Shaft (of a long bone).

Define epiphysis.

Ends of bones.

How does parathyroid hormone (PTH) influence bone growth/maintenance?

It is produced from its gland when blood calcium levels are low, which increases calcitrol formed.

Physical stress stimulates bone ____.

Remodeling.

Define axial skeleton.

Bones of head, neck, and trunk.

Which bones are included in the appendicular skeleton?

bones of arms, legs, pelvic, and pectoral girdle.

What are the paranasal sinuses?

Mucus lined, air-filled openings in skull bones: frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillae) that lighten skull, enhances voice quality, warms and humidifies air.

What are orbits?

Cavities within eyes, muscles, lacrimal glands formed by parts of 7 bones.

What is foramen magnum?

Allows passage of spinal cord.

Define atlas.

Topmost vertebra of backbone, articulating with the occipital bone of the skull.

Define axis.

Second cervical vertebra of the spine. It forms the pivot upon which the cervical vertebra, which carries the head, rotates.

Where is the sagittal suture?

Between parietals.

Where is the coronal suture?

Between frontal and parietal bones.

Where is the lambdoidal suture?

Between occipital and parietal bones.

Where is the squamous suture?

Between temporal and parietal bones.

The bone that separates the 2 nasal cavities is ____.

Vomer.

The only bone that does not articulate with any other bone is the ____ bone.

Hyoid.

Name the 5 kinds of vertebrae, where each is found, and how many there are.

7 cervical vertebrae (neck (C1 is atlas and C2 is axis)), 12 thoracic vertebrae (chest; articulate with ribs), 5 lumbar vertebrae, 1 sacrum (5 fused bones), 1 coccyx (tailbone; 4 fused bones).

Describe true ribs.

First 7 pair; join directly to sternum with costal cartilage.

Describe false ribs.

Pairs 8-10 join indirectly (to costal cartilage).

Describe floating ribs.

Pairs 11-12 and do not join sternum at all.

Which bone is the collar bone?

Clavicle.

Which bone is the shoulder blade?

Scapula.

Which bone is the shin?

Tibia (medial).

Which bone(s) is/are the wrist? How many are there?

Carpals; 8 each.

Which bone(s) form the heel bone?

Calcaneous.

Which bones are the fingers? How many are there?

Phalanges; 14.

Which bone is the kneecap?

Patella.

Which bone is the largest?

Femur.

Which bone(s) make up ankle projections?

Lateral and medial malleolus (lower tibia and fibula).

Define articulation.

Point of contact between 2 or more bones. Classified by structure or function.

What is an extracapsular ligament?

Ligaments associated with a synovial joint but separate from and external to its articular capsule.

What is an intracapsular ligament?

Ligaments located within and separate from the articular capsule of a synovial joint.

Define tendon.

Flexible but inelastic cord of strong fibrous collagen tissue attaching a muscle to bone.

Define ligament.

Short band of tough, flexible, fibrous connective tissue that connects 2 bones or cartilages or holds together a joint.

Define meniscus.

Thin, fibrous cartilage between the surfaces of some joints.

Define bursa.

Fluid filled sac or saclike cavity, especially one countering friction at a joint.

What is labrum?

Structure corresponding to a lip.

What is the rotator cuff?

Capsule with fused tendons that supports the arm at the shoulder joint. Prone to injuries.

What is dislocation?

Injury or disability caused when the normal position of a joint or other part of the body is disturbed.

Define arthritis.

Painful inflammation of the joints.

What is synovial fluid?

Lubricating fluid that supplies nutrients and oxygen to cartilage.

What is bursitis?

Inflammation of the bursa.

What is tendonitis?

Inflammation of the tendons.

Name, describe, and give examples of the 3 functional types of joints.

Synarthroses-Immovable joint (between bones); sutures of skull.

Amphiarthroses-Partially movable joint; articulation between vertebrae or 2 pubic bones.

Diarthroses-Freely movable joint surrounded by a joint capsule; most joints.

Name and describe the 3 structural types of joints.

Fibrous: no joint cavity; bones joined by fibrous connective tissue.

Cartilaginous: no joint cavity; bones joined by cartilage.

Synovial: joint cavity present; bones are surrounded by articular capsule and often by accessory ligaments.

Name, describe, and give examples of fibrous joints.

Suture- Thin layer of dense, fibrous connective tissue that joins skull bones. Example: fontanels.

Gomphosis- Cone-shaped peg fits into socket. Example: roots of teeth held in by periodontal ligaments.

Syndesmosis- where there is more connective tissue and bones aren't held together as tightly as a suture. Example: between tibia and fibula.

Name, describe, and give an example of cartilaginous joints.

Synchondrosis- Connecting material is hyaline cartilage. Example of temporary: epiphyseal plate. Permanent: manubrium and first rib.

Symphysis- Disc of fibrocartilage between bones. Example: intervertebral disks.

Name, describe, and give example of synovial joints.

Gliding/plane- Articulating surfaces are flat; ex: sacroiliac.

Hinge- Convex surface of bone fits into concave of another; ex: elbow.

Ball-and-socket--Ball shaped surface of one bone fits into a cuplike depression of another; ex: hip and shoulder.

Pivot- Round or pointed surfaces of one bone fits into a ring formed by another bone and a ligament; ex: radius/ulna.

Condyloid- Oval shaped condyle of one bone fits into an elliptical cavity of another bone; ex: radiocarpal joint.

Saddle- Each surface has convex and concave areas; ex: between carpal and metacarpal of thumb.

Describe flexion.

Bending, decreasing angle.

Describe extension.

Straightening, increasing angle.

Adduction.

Move toward midline.

Abduction.

Move away from midline.

Circumduction.

Makes a cone in space.

Rotation.

Turns on axis.

Dorsiflexion.

Lifting toes up toward the body.

Plantar flexion.

Pointing the toes away from the body.

Inversion.

Turn sole medially.

Eversion.

Turn sole laterally.

Supination.

Turn palm forward.

Pronation.

Turn palm backward.

Elevation.

Raises.

Depression.

Lowers.

At the elbow, the trochlea of the humerus articulates with the ____ bone and the capitulum with the ____ bone.

Ulna; fovea.