BIOL 112 Deuterostomes flash

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44 Terms

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Deuterostome

anus forms from blastula first

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cell differentiation

how cells become different from each other (e.g. nerve, muscle, bone cells)

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morphogenesis

movement of cells to different positions, leads to formation of shape of tissues, organs and the organism

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unfertilized egg

large, contain nutrients and organelles needed in early embryo, has visible nucleus

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zygote

1st diploid cell, nucleus not visible, has fertilization envelope which blocks more sperm from entering

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cleavage

series of cell divisions where egg's cytoplasm is divided into smaller cells (2, then 4, then 8, etc) embryo goes through cell division without getting bigger, cells during this are called blastomeres

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morula

solid ball of 8 or more cells

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blastula

hollow ball of cells, forms as cells reorganize into a single layer, early has less cells than late

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blastocoel

fluid-filled interior space of blastula

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gastrulation

formation of the gastrula (multilayered) from the blastula (single layer)

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Gastrula

contains three germ layers (endo-, meso- and ectoderm) due to differentiation and migration of cells, archenteron and blastopore form

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archenteron

hollow tube that becomes digestive tract, forms during gastrulation

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blastopore

opening of archenteron, becomes anus, forms during gastrulation

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larva

different forms in different deuterostomes

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Bipinnaria

sea star larva

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Phylum Echinodermata

"spiny skin", spines emerge from bony plates under the skin, marine and bottom-dwelling, larvae have bilateral symmetry, adults have pentaradial symmetry, embryos have segmentation but adults do not, complete digestive system

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Pentaradial symmetry

have 5 or multiples of 5 arms surrounding their central disk

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Echinodermata Nervous System

nerve ring and radial nerves, senses concentrated at ends of arms (e.g. eyes, chemical detection, touch receptors)

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water vascular system

unique to echinoderms, network of water vessels connected to appendages called tube feet, derived from the coelom, used for locomotion, circulation, gas exchange, excretion of nitrogen waste, and sensing

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dermal skeleton

unique to echinoderms, internal skeleton made of bony elements, called ossicles, embedded within the skin, bumps are attachment for spines, pores are for tube feet

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Class Crinoidea

"feather stars", many thin branched arms, filter feeders,

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Class Ophiuroidea

"brittle stars", body made of central disc and 5 thin arms that allow them to move rapidly and swim, scavengers

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Class Echinoidea

"sea urchin" "Sand Dollar", have a rigid skeleton of interlocking plates, spines stick out of skeleton, grazers on algae

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Class Holothuroidea

"Sea Cucumber", soft-bodied, reduced skeleton, mouth with feeding tentacles, scavengers, expel intestines as predator defense

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Class Asteroidea

"Starfish", body made of central disc usually with 5 arms, in shallow water, predators

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sea star wasting disease

cause is likely decreased O2 availability, leads to lesions, body fragmentation and death

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Oral Surface

mouth and tube feet located

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Aboral Surface

anus and madreporite located

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madreporite

a sieve-like plate, lets water in and out

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internal canals

stone, ring, radial

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tube feet

appendages with suckers attached to ampullae

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ampullae

bulbs on top of tube feet, when contracts it forces fluid into tube feet and the feet lengthen and foot adheres

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Phylum Chordata

bilateral symmetry, closed circulatory system, complete digestive system, share 4 key characteristics at some stage in development

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four key characteristics

notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, post-anal tail

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notochord

dorsal rod that is rigid but flexible, support, site of muscle attachment, signals surrounding tissues during development, in vertebrates it develops into parts of backbone

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dorsal hollow nerve cord

hollow fluid-filled tube of nerves, in vertebrates it develops into brain and spinal cord

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pharyngeal gill slits

multiple openings in pharynx supported by arches, in non-vertebrates is used for filter feeding, in vertebrates it develops into support for gills or jaws and inner ears

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post-anal tail

elongation of the body that extends beyond anus, used for locomotion balance and communication, tail is reduced in apes

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Subphylum Cephalochordata

"Lancelets", filter feeders on sandy ocean bottom, adult has all 4 characteristics, has myomeres, flow of water: mouth > gill slits > atriopore (opening), movement of food: mouth > pharynx >intestine > anus

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myomeres

repeated sections of V-shaped muscle

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Subphylum Urochordata

"Sea squirts", marine sedentary filter feeders, covered by protective covering called tunic, larval stage is free swimming and has all 4 characteristics, adult stage is sedentary, lacks notochord, nerve cord, tail, filter feeds through pharyngeal slits with siphons

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Subphylum Vertebrata

"Vertebrates" largest group of chordates, mostly fish, have endoskeleton which includes the backbone, made of vertebrae bones developed from notochord, large brain, developed circulatory system, extensive muscular system, rigid internal skeleton,

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Perch External Anatomy

pectoral fin, dorsal fins, caudal fin, pelvic fin, anal fin, lateral line, operculum, external nares

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Perch Internal Anatomy

Brain, spinal cord, kidney, swim bladder, gills, heart, liver, spleen, stomach, intestine, gonad, anus