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Deuterostome
anus forms from blastula first
cell differentiation
how cells become different from each other (e.g. nerve, muscle, bone cells)
morphogenesis
movement of cells to different positions, leads to formation of shape of tissues, organs and the organism
unfertilized egg
large, contain nutrients and organelles needed in early embryo, has visible nucleus
zygote
1st diploid cell, nucleus not visible, has fertilization envelope which blocks more sperm from entering
cleavage
series of cell divisions where egg's cytoplasm is divided into smaller cells (2, then 4, then 8, etc) embryo goes through cell division without getting bigger, cells during this are called blastomeres
morula
solid ball of 8 or more cells
blastula
hollow ball of cells, forms as cells reorganize into a single layer, early has less cells than late
blastocoel
fluid-filled interior space of blastula
gastrulation
formation of the gastrula (multilayered) from the blastula (single layer)
Gastrula
contains three germ layers (endo-, meso- and ectoderm) due to differentiation and migration of cells, archenteron and blastopore form
archenteron
hollow tube that becomes digestive tract, forms during gastrulation
blastopore
opening of archenteron, becomes anus, forms during gastrulation
larva
different forms in different deuterostomes
Bipinnaria
sea star larva
Phylum Echinodermata
"spiny skin", spines emerge from bony plates under the skin, marine and bottom-dwelling, larvae have bilateral symmetry, adults have pentaradial symmetry, embryos have segmentation but adults do not, complete digestive system
Pentaradial symmetry
have 5 or multiples of 5 arms surrounding their central disk
Echinodermata Nervous System
nerve ring and radial nerves, senses concentrated at ends of arms (e.g. eyes, chemical detection, touch receptors)
water vascular system
unique to echinoderms, network of water vessels connected to appendages called tube feet, derived from the coelom, used for locomotion, circulation, gas exchange, excretion of nitrogen waste, and sensing
dermal skeleton
unique to echinoderms, internal skeleton made of bony elements, called ossicles, embedded within the skin, bumps are attachment for spines, pores are for tube feet
Class Crinoidea
"feather stars", many thin branched arms, filter feeders,
Class Ophiuroidea
"brittle stars", body made of central disc and 5 thin arms that allow them to move rapidly and swim, scavengers
Class Echinoidea
"sea urchin" "Sand Dollar", have a rigid skeleton of interlocking plates, spines stick out of skeleton, grazers on algae
Class Holothuroidea
"Sea Cucumber", soft-bodied, reduced skeleton, mouth with feeding tentacles, scavengers, expel intestines as predator defense
Class Asteroidea
"Starfish", body made of central disc usually with 5 arms, in shallow water, predators
sea star wasting disease
cause is likely decreased O2 availability, leads to lesions, body fragmentation and death
Oral Surface
mouth and tube feet located
Aboral Surface
anus and madreporite located
madreporite
a sieve-like plate, lets water in and out
internal canals
stone, ring, radial
tube feet
appendages with suckers attached to ampullae
ampullae
bulbs on top of tube feet, when contracts it forces fluid into tube feet and the feet lengthen and foot adheres
Phylum Chordata
bilateral symmetry, closed circulatory system, complete digestive system, share 4 key characteristics at some stage in development
four key characteristics
notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, post-anal tail
notochord
dorsal rod that is rigid but flexible, support, site of muscle attachment, signals surrounding tissues during development, in vertebrates it develops into parts of backbone
dorsal hollow nerve cord
hollow fluid-filled tube of nerves, in vertebrates it develops into brain and spinal cord
pharyngeal gill slits
multiple openings in pharynx supported by arches, in non-vertebrates is used for filter feeding, in vertebrates it develops into support for gills or jaws and inner ears
post-anal tail
elongation of the body that extends beyond anus, used for locomotion balance and communication, tail is reduced in apes
Subphylum Cephalochordata
"Lancelets", filter feeders on sandy ocean bottom, adult has all 4 characteristics, has myomeres, flow of water: mouth > gill slits > atriopore (opening), movement of food: mouth > pharynx >intestine > anus
myomeres
repeated sections of V-shaped muscle
Subphylum Urochordata
"Sea squirts", marine sedentary filter feeders, covered by protective covering called tunic, larval stage is free swimming and has all 4 characteristics, adult stage is sedentary, lacks notochord, nerve cord, tail, filter feeds through pharyngeal slits with siphons
Subphylum Vertebrata
"Vertebrates" largest group of chordates, mostly fish, have endoskeleton which includes the backbone, made of vertebrae bones developed from notochord, large brain, developed circulatory system, extensive muscular system, rigid internal skeleton,
Perch External Anatomy
pectoral fin, dorsal fins, caudal fin, pelvic fin, anal fin, lateral line, operculum, external nares
Perch Internal Anatomy
Brain, spinal cord, kidney, swim bladder, gills, heart, liver, spleen, stomach, intestine, gonad, anus