BSC1011L Midterm Practical Study Guide

Flashcards covering key vocabulary from BSC1011L lecture notes on Microscopy, Kingdom Monera, Kingdom Protista, Kingdom Fungi, Lower Plants, and Higher Plants for midterm practical review.

Compound Microscope

A type of microscope used to view specimens at high magnification, often with multiple objective lenses.

Dissecting/Stereo Microscope

A type of microscope used to view larger, three-dimensional specimens at lower magnification, typically used for dissection.

Total Magnification

Calculated by multiplying the magnification of the ocular lens by the magnification of the objective lens.

Ocular Lens

The eyepiece of a microscope, usually providing 10x magnification.

Objective Lens

Lenses on the rotating turret of a microscope, providing various magnifications for viewing specimens.

Kingdom Monera

A kingdom comprising prokaryotic organisms, primarily bacteria and archaea.

Prokaryotes

Organisms whose cells lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Eukaryotes

Organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Autotrophs

Organisms that can produce their own food, typically through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.

Heterotrophs

Organisms that obtain their nutrition by consuming other organisms or organic matter.

Photosynthetic Bacteria

Bacteria capable of producing their own food using light energy.

Zone of Inhibition

An area around an antimicrobial disk where bacterial growth is inhibited, indicating susceptibility to the agent.

Gram-stained Bacteria

Bacteria categorized based on their cell wall composition, appearing either Gram-positive (purple) or Gram-negative (pink/red) after staining.

Bacterial Shapes

Common morphological classifications of bacteria, including coccus (spherical), bacillus (rod-shaped), and spirillum (spiral).

Bacterial Reproduction

Primarily asexual, often through binary fission, where one cell divides into two identical daughter cells.

Kingdom Protista

A diverse kingdom of eukaryotic organisms that are not plants, animals, or fungi, often categorized as animal-like, fungi-like, or plant-like.

Animal-like Protists

Heterotrophic protists that consume other organisms, examples include protozoans like amoebas and paramecia.

Fungi-like Protists

Heterotrophic protists that absorb nutrients, examples include slime molds and water molds.

Plant-like Protists

Autotrophic protists that perform photosynthesis, examples include various types of algae.

Algae

A diverse group of plant-like protists that are photosynthetic and aquatic, ranging from single-celled to multicellular forms.

Anthropogenic Uses of Algae

Human applications of algae, such as food additives, biofuels, wastewater treatment, and pharmaceuticals.

Kingdom Fungi

A kingdom of eukaryotic organisms that are heterotrophic, obtaining nutrients by absorption, and typically have cell walls made of chitin.

Fungi Anatomy

Typically composed of hyphae, thread-like structures that form a mycelium, and reproductive structures like fruiting bodies.

Fungi Nutrition

Heterotrophic, absorbing nutrients from their environment as decomposers, parasites, or mutualists.

Symbiotic Relationships (Fungi)

Close and often long-term interactions between fungi and other organisms, including mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism.

Mutualism (Fungi)

A symbiotic relationship where both the fungus and the other organism benefit, such as in lichens or mycorrhizae.

Parasitism (Fungi)

A symbiotic relationship where the fungus benefits at the expense of its host, causing disease or harm.

Commensalism (Fungi)

A symbiotic relationship where the fungus benefits and the other organism is neither harmed nor helped.

Lichens

A symbiotic association between a fungus (mycobiont) and a photosynthetic organism (photobiont, usually an alga or cyanobacterium).

Types of Lichens

Categorized by their growth forms, including crustose (crust-like), foliose (leaf-like), and fructicose (shrub-like).

Hyphae

The branching, thread-like structures that make up the body (mycelium) of most fungi.

Mycelium

The vegetative part of a fungus, consisting of a network of branching hyphae.

Lower Plants

A general term often referring to simpler plants like bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, hornworts) and seedless vascular plants (ferns, clubmosses, horsetails).

Terrestrial Plant Characteristics

Adaptations for life on land, such as cuticles to prevent water loss, stomata for gas exchange, and often vascular tissues for transport.

Alternation of Generations

A life cycle in plants and some algae that alternates between a multicellular haploid gametophyte stage and a multicellular diploid sporophyte stage.

Haploid (n)

Containing a single set of chromosomes, characteristic of gametes and the gametophyte generation.

Diploid (2n)

Containing two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent, characteristic of somatic cells and the sporophyte generation.

Gametophyte

The haploid, multicellular stage in the plant life cycle that produces gametes by mitosis.

Sporophyte

The diploid, multicellular stage in the plant life cycle that produces spores by meiosis.

Vascular Tissues

Specialized tissues (xylem and phloem) in plants that transport water, minerals, and nutrients.

Bryophytes

Non-vascular plants like mosses, liverworts, and hornworts, which lack true roots, stems, and leaves and typically inhabit damp environments.

Seedless Vascular Plants

Plants like ferns, clubmosses, and horsetails that possess vascular tissue but reproduce via spores, not seeds.

Higher Plants

A general term often referring to seed plants, including gymnosperms and angiosperms, which have advanced adaptations for terrestrial life.

Gymnosperms

Seed plants that bear "naked" seeds, meaning the seeds are not enclosed within an ovary, examples include conifers and cycads.

Angiosperms

Flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed within a fruit, representing the most diverse group of plants on Earth.

Dermal Tissue

The outermost protective layer of a plant, like the epidermis, that covers leaves, stems, and roots.

Ground Tissue

Plant tissue responsible for photosynthesis, storage, and support, making up the bulk of the plant body.

Vascular Tissue

Composed of xylem and phloem, responsible for the transport of water, minerals, and sugars throughout the plant.

Meristematic Tissue

Plant tissue containing actively dividing cells responsible for continuous growth throughout the plant's life.

Monocots

Angiosperms characterized by a single cotyledon, parallel venation in leaves, and flower parts typically in multiples of three.

Dicots

Angiosperms characterized by two cotyledons, net-like venation in leaves, and flower parts typically in multiples of four or five.

Flower Anatomy

The reproductive structures of angiosperms, typically including sepals, petals, stamens (male), and carpels/pistils (female).

Stamen

The male reproductive part of a flower, consisting of an anther (producing pollen) and a filament.

Carpel/Pistil

The female reproductive part of a flower, consisting of a stigma, style, and ovary (containing ovules).

Fruit

The mature ovary of a flowering plant, primarily functioning in seed dispersal and protecting the enclosed seeds.