Human Anatomy

Exam One

Superior

Upper

Inferior

Lower

Anterior

Toward the front

Posterior

Behind

Ventral

Toward the bell side

Dorsal

Toward the back

Medial

Toward the midlineL

Lateral

Away from the midline, left or right

Proximal

Part of the appendage closer to the attachment with trunk

Distal

Part of appendage further from the trunk

Superficial

Toward the surface of the body

Deep

Away from the surface of the body

Frontal Plane

Divide anterior and posterior parts

Transverse

Divides body into superior and inferior

Sagittal Plane

Divides body left and right

Midsagittal

Divides plane directly at midline

Parasagittal plane

Divide not a exact midline

Tissue Definition

Group of cells of similar structure that have a common function

List the four basic tissue types and basic function

1. Epithelium: lining of surfaces

2. Connective tissue: framework

3. Muscle: movement

4. Nervous: communication

Every organ is made out of _ tissue types

4

How does the size of a cell limit its functions

Limited by reliance on diffusion

What is the role of the plasma membrane

Proteins in membrane control what enters and exits

What are the two components of the cytoplasm

1. Cytosol: semi liquid material between organelles

2. Organelles

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Makes profucts

Vesicle

Transports materials

Goli apparatus

Packages products from Er and sends them to destination

Lysosomes

Demolition of material

Mitochondria

Power house

What is the cytoskeleton

Rod-like proteins in the cell that provide support and movement

Microtubules

Trackway for transport of materials to and from center of cellI

Intermediate filaments

Prevent cell from being torn apart

Microfilaments

Consist of actin that interacts with myosin to produce changes in the cell shape

Tight Junctions

Prevents diffusion across tissue through extracellular space

Desmosomes

Anchors adjacent cells together

Gap Junctions

Passageway from one cells to another

What can a tissue not do

One tissue cannot be a component of another tissue

What does epithelium often form

Glands

List the general characteristics of ALL epithelia

1. Cellularity: composed of entirely cells

2. Has cell junctions

3. Polarity: apical side and basal (attachment) side, ex. goblet cell

4. Basement membrane: anchors epithelium to connective tissue

5. Regenerates quickly

6. Avascular: no blood vessels

   1. Innervated: contains nerve cells

Functions of epithelium

Active

1. Absorption and secretion: involves microvilli to increase surface area

Passive

1. Diffusion and filtration (plasma leaks across capillary walls)

2. Propulsion: cilia drive fluid along surfaces of epithelium

3. Sliding

4. Protections: more layers of cells

5. Sensory reception

Simple v. stratifies epithelim

Simple: each cell is attached to basement membrane

Stratified: multiple layers, only the basal layer is directly attached

Apical layer cell shapes

Squamous, cuboidal, and columnar

Simple Squamous

Thinnest kind of epithelium

• No surface projections (cilia, microvilli)

• Ex. lining of air sacs in lungs, endothelium (inner lining of heart and blood vessels, mesothelium (closed body cavities), glomerular capsule in kidney (filtration)

Simple cuboidal

Ex. glands and kifney tubules

Simple columnar are

1. Nonciliated: lines digestive track

2. Ciliated: lines small bronchi, uterine tube, sweeps away debris

3. Shape provides: even more room for organelles

4. Ex. goblet cell

Pseudo-stratified columnar

• Cells attached to basement membrane, not truly stratified

• Undifferentiated cells don”t reach apical surface

• Nuclei occur at different levels making it appear stratifies

• Ciliated: lines trachea and upper respiratory track

Major functions of epithelia overview

Simple squamous: Diffusion, filtration, sliding

Simple cuboidal, columnar, pseudostratified: absorption and secrection, propulsion if cilliated

Stratifies squaous

Thickest form of epithelium: provide protection

1. Keratinized: skin

   1. Non-keratinized: ends of digestive and reproductive tracts

Stratified cuboidal

Large ducts of glands

Stratified columnar

Urethra

Transitional epithelium

Apical cells can shape when tissue stretched (urinary bladder)

Glands definition

Structure whose cells are specialized for secretion, develope from invaginated epithelia

Exocrine

Secretes products onto body surfaces or into cavities

• Have ducts

• Derived from epithleia

• Goblet gland

Endocrine

Secretes products into blood

• No ducts

• Products called hormones

• Derives from epithelia or other tissues

Characteristics of connective tissue

• Relatively few cells

• Large amount of extracellular matrix: non living material outside the cells

• Extracellular matrix determines tissue properties

• Vascularized (not cartilage and blood)

Functions of connective tissue

1. Support and protection

2. Defense

3. Passageway for serves and vessels

4. Transport and exchange

   1. Insulation and energy storage

Structure of the cells in CT

• Derived from mesenchyme (detached cells in embryo)

• Secret extracellular matrix

• May have other cells: defense cells

Structure of the matrix in CT

Fibers:

1. Collagen Fibers

2. Reticular fibers

3. Elastic fibers

Collagen fibers

1. Collagen (type 1) resist tension

• Collagen fibril and collagen fiber

Reticular fibers

2. Reticular (net like) fibers: made of collagen fibrils

• Fibers are short, thin, and branched

• Form delicate networks with lots of spaces

• Allows for smooth gliding

• Used at boundaries of tissues (surround capillaries)

Elastic fibers

Structure: main protein is elastin

• Coils up at rest

• Elastin molecules cross-linked in large groups to form a fiber (no fibrils)

• Returns back to original shape

What is ground substance

Interstitial fluid (tissue fluid), additional components (calcium salts in bone)