Communicable disease

spectrum of infection

1. subclinical infection

2. infection

3. symptoms of disease

4. agent is shed

5. communicably period (share disease)

if disease is shared the patient becomes a

case

incubation period

time from invasion to first symptoms

carrier

an individual that spreads disease

epidemic

disease outbreak in a specific geographical area or population

pandemic

disease outbreak spreading several countries or all over the world

endemic

disease constantly present in a population with relatively low spread

toxigenicity

ability to produce toxins

antigenicity

ability to produce an immune response in host

infectivity

ability to invade and infect a large number of people

pathogenicity

ability to produce disease

virulence

ability to produce serious or fatal disease

R₀

describes the contagiousness of an infectious disease

resistance

ward off infection

natural immunity

skin, mucous membrane, tears, stomach acid

passive immunity

temporary resistance

active immunity

body produced

passive natural immunity

immunity acquired from antibodies passed in breast milk or through placenta

active natural immunity

immunity gained through illness and recovery

passive artificial immunity

immunity gained through antibodies harvested from another person or animal

active artificial immunity

immuity acquired through a vaccine

immunization

boarder term

includes active and passive immunity

vaccination

stimulating body to produce it’s own antibodies

live-attenuated vaccines

live, weakened

ex/ MMR, Rotavirus, Smallpox, Chickenpox, Yellow fever

Killed-inactivated

Hepatitis A, Flu, Polio, Rabies

other types of vaccines

Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines; subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate; toxoid vaccine; viral vector vaccines

herd immunity

certain percentage is vaccination meeting the threshold preventing spread of disease

primary vaccine failure

immune response not stimulated

secondary vaccine failure

immunity wanes off over time

ex of people who might experience it: chemo, organ transplant, auto immune

Vaccine Hesitancy

delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccination despite availability of vaccination services

involves lack of trust and personal factors

Vaccination Information Statement (VISs)

informs patient about vaccine

Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting Systems (VAERS)

document: vaccine, company, lot #, expiration date

how public health tries to control infectious diseases

control, eliminate, eradicate

control

reduce number of cases

eliminate

employ interventions

eradicate

reduce present of agent on earth to zero