Ch. 2.1 & 2.2 Vocab

say thank you to jason truong bc he is the king and ambasingh

Tsarist Regime

The political system which existed in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. All power lay in the hands of the tsar thẻ official Russian empire

U.S. Senate

The upper house of the US Congress, which is a small group of elected people who decided the laws of the country. Every US state elects two people to represent them.

Ratify

Sign or give formal consent to, making it officially valid.

Communism

A system of government based on the idea of a classless society in which there is a common ownership of the means of production such as farms and factories

V. Lenin

Founded the Communist Party in Russia and set up the world’s first Communist Party dictatorship. He led the October Revolution of 1917, in which the Communists seized power in Russia. He then ruled the country until his death in 1924

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

A peace treaty signed on March 3rd, 1918, between Russia and the Central Powers, marking Russia's exit from World War I.

G. Clemenceau

A French politician who served as Prime Minister of France during WWI and was one of the “Big Three” that shaped the peace treaties after the war. He pushed to weaken Germany and get reparations for France.

L. George

A British politician who wanted a less severe settlement due to them wanting interest in Germany. Therefore Britain sought a settlement that would punish Germany for a while recovering their future economically.

W. Wilson

He led the US into WWI and was the creator of the 14 points. Also believed that imposing a harsh treaty on Germany would cause resentment from Germany.

Treaty of Versailles

-Germany was blamed for WWI

-Army was reduced to 100k men

-Navy was only allowed 6 battle ships

-No tanks, airplanes, or submarines

-Pay 6.6 Billion in reparations (War Widow Pension)

-Colonies were given away

-Forbidden to unite with Austria

-Demilitarize the Rhine Island

-Alsace-Lorrain went back to France

-Poland was given a strip of land called the Polish corridor

Plebiscite

A vote giving local people the opportunity to express their opinion for or against a proposal relating to a constitutional issue.

Mandates

An official order or commission to do something

Overseas territories taken from the defeated countries at the end of the first world war

Reparations

The making of amends for a wrong one has done, by paying money or helping those who have been wronged.

Self-Determination

the principle that people of common nationality should have the right to form their own nations and govern themselves.

Successor States

A newly formed state whose territory and population were previously under the supreme authority of another state

Treaty Of St. Germain

The treaty officially registered the breakup of the Habsburg empire, recognizing the independence of Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, and the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes

Treaty Of Neuilly

Bulgaria lost territory to Greece and Yugoslavia. They also lost access to Mediterranean. They received territory from turkey. This cause a war with Greece and for the young Turks to reject the treaty.

Treaty of Sevres

Signed between the Allies of WWI and the Ottoman Empire, the treaty ceded large parts of the Ottoman territory to France, UK, Greece, and Italy

Treaty of Trianon

Limited Hungarys power and they had to accept their break up of the Austria-Hungarian empire

Lost land to Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia Austria and Romania

Lost 2/3 of its territory and 3rd of its population

JM Keynes

the leading economist of the early 20th century and was a member of the British delegation at the Paris peace conference. He argued at the conference that reparations at such a high level would simply add to the economic problems facing post-war Europe.

Inflation

An increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money

Treaty of London

A secret agreement signed by Italy, Great Britain, France, and Russia in April of 1915, bringing Italy into WWI on the Entente side.

Dictator

A ruler who controls a country without being accountable to an electorate or an elected National Assembly.

A single person who possesses absolute political power within a country or territory or a member of a small group that exercises such power

Minority Group

A group of people bound together by nationality, language, and religion. They are the smaller group within a majority

B. Mussolini

An Italian dictator and journalist who founded and led the National Fascist Party

Fascist

Far-right, authoritarian, ultranationalist political ideology and movement, characterized by a dictatorial leader, centralized autocracy, militarism, forcible suppression of opposition

US-German Peace Treaty 1921

A peace treaty between the US and German government

Hyperinflation

A term to describe rapid, excessive, and out-of-control general price increases in an economy

Ruhr Crisis

The German government ordered a policy of passive resistance, which effectly paralyzed the industry. Miners and industry refused to work causing a huge economic loss.

Corfu Incident

A 1923 diplomatic and military crisis between Greece and Italy. It was triggered when an Italian general heading a commission to resolve a border dispute between Albania and Greece was murdered in Greek territory along with two other officers of his staff.

Fiume

A free state that was use jointly but Italy and Yugoslavia.

Treaty of Laussanne

This treaty replaced the original agreement. As a result Turkey regained some land it lost, including Smyrna. This restored turkeys pride.

Final treaty of WWI

Washington Naval Conference 1921-1922

This conference led to a series of treaties, which at the time seemed to guarantee peace in East Asia. The USA invited nine nations to discus naval reductions and the situation in East Asia.

Five Power Treaty

Japan agreed to withdraw from some of its Chinese territory and to limit its navy to 3/5 the size of British and US navies. All countries agreed to limit their warship tonnage.

Four Power Treaty

The four countries agreed to respect each others right to respect each other rights in the pacific and far east. This treated also ended the 1902 alliance between British and Japan.

Nine Power Treaty

This treaty guaranteed protection for china against invasion and agreed to uphold the “open door policy” allowing equal opportunities for china.

Genoa Conference 1922

(April 10–May 19, 1922), post-World War I meeting at Genoa, Italy, to discuss the economic reconstruction of central and eastern Europe and to explore ways to improve relations between Soviet Russia and European capitalist regimes

Rapallo Pact 1922

Russia and Germany agreed to renounce all territorial claims against each other, and to cooperate in a spirit of mutual goodwill.

Comintern

The Third International, was an international organization founded in 1919 that advocated world communism, and its aim was to encourage worldwide communist revolution.

Bolshevik

A Communist party in Russia that succeed in the Russia revolution