Comprehensive Insulin Types, Anticoagulants, and Cardiac Medications Overview

Rapid-acting insulin

Examples include aspart and glulisine; onset: 10-15 min, peak: 30-90 min, duration: 2-4 hrs.

Intermediate insulin

Examples include NPH, Humulin N, Novolin N; onset: 2-4 hrs.

Short Regular insulin

Examples include Humulin, Novolin, Velosulin R; onset: 30 min, peak: 2-3 hrs, duration: 3-6 hrs.

Long-acting insulin

Examples include detemir (Levemir) and glargine (Lantus); onset: 2-4 hrs, duration: up to 24 hrs.

Ultra-long insulin

Examples include degludec (Tresiba) and glargine 300 (Toujeo); onset: 6 hrs, peak: 12-18 hrs.

Fasting glucose levels

Normal: 70-100 mg/dL, prediabetes: 101-125 mg/dL, diabetes: 126+ mg/dL.

A1C levels

Normal: 5.7%, prediabetes: 5.7-6.4%, diabetes: 6.5%+.

Heparin

Prevents additional clotting; enhances antithrombin action; onset: 20-40 sec.

Warfarin

Vitamin K antagonist; delayed action; used for stroke prevention; INR: 0.8-1.1.

Rivaroxaban (Xarelto)

Inhibits coagulation; onset: 1-2 hours; duration: 12-24 hrs.

Apixaban (Eliquis)

Inhibits coagulation; onset: 1-3 hours; duration: 12-24 hrs.

Dabigatran (Pradaxa)

Inhibits coagulation; onset: 1-3 hours; duration: 12-24 hrs.

Digoxin

Cardiac glycoside; inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase pump; used for heart failure and atrial fibrillation.

Digoxin toxicity

Symptoms include slurred and yellow vision, nausea, anorexia.

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

RBC: M: 4.0-5.5 x 10^6/mm³, F: 3.5-5.5 x 10^6/mm³.

Hemoglobin (Hgb)

M: 14-18 g/dL, F: 12-16 g/dL.

White Blood Cell Count (WBC)

Normal range: 5-10 x 10^9/L.

Platelet Count (PC)

Normal range: 150-400 x 10^9/L.

Sodium (Na+)

Normal range: 135-145 mEq/L.

Potassium (K+)

Normal range: 3.5-5.5 mEq/L.

Calcium (Ca2+)

Normal range: 9-10.5 mg/dL.

Magnesium (Mg)

Normal range: 1.7-2.2 mg/dL.

Metoprolol (Lopressor)

Beta blocker; slows heart rate and decreases workload.

Lisinopril (Prinivil)

ACE inhibitor; causes vasodilation and decreases blood pressure.

Losartan (Cozaar)

Angiotensin receptor blocker; dilates blood vessels and lowers blood pressure.

Amlodipine (Norvasc)

Calcium channel blocker; prevents vascular smooth muscle contraction.