A&P Skeletal and Muscular Systems

Bone is a type of _____________________ tissue – defined as living cells in a non-living matrix.

Connective

The ______________ cell is a stem cell. When it divides, one cell remains a stem cell and the other becomes a _______________________, which will secrete bone matrix.

osteogenic / osteoblast

Bone matrix is made of __________________ which is the organic part of bone matrix and consists largely of __________________ and _______________________.

osteoid / collagen / ground substance

: About 65% of bone matrix is comprise of hard mineral salt called ________________________.

hydroxyapatite

: Osteoblast mature into cells called _________________________ that reside in small cavities of compact bone called ____________________ which lie between layers of compact bone.

osteocytes / lacunae

: The layers are concentric rings called _____________________________. Tiny canals run through the layers allowing these cell to communicate with each other.

lamellae

: These tiny canals are called _________________________. The function of these mature cells is to monitor the bone and alert the body when changes in bone occur.

canaliculi

: The functional unit of compact bone is called the _________________.

osteon

: These structures are long and cylindrical with a tunnel running through the middle of them called the _________________________ __________________. Blood vessels and nerves travel through this to bring nutrients and innervation to the bone.

Haversian canal (Note: also referred to as a central canal)

True or false: Compact bone is very hard and lines the outer surfaces of bones.

True

: A different kind of bone is found in the interior of long bones in an open space called the _______________________________ and is a porous bone (called _________________ bone ) which is also found in the ends of long bones called ______________________________.

medullary cavity / spongy / epiphyses

: A type of tissue called ________________________ is found in this type of bone and is where all the cells of the blood are made.

bone marrow

: The shaft of a long bone is called the _________________________.

Diaphysis

: The outside of the bone is covered with a strong connective tissue called ________________________ which is where tendons of muscles attach to bones. This tissue does not cover the articular surfaces of bones.

periosteum

: Instead, all articular surfaces are covered by ___________________ cartilage, which is the most abundant type of cartilage in the body.

hyaline

: This process of breakdown and rebuilding is called bone , which consists of making bone ( ) and breaking down bone (_______________).

remodeling / bone deposition / bone resorption

: Bone is made by osteoblasts and broken down by _______________________.

osteoclasts

: When blood calcium is too low, the ___________________ gland releases a hormone called ________________________ to stimulate bone breakdown and make free calcium available to the blood.

parathyroid / PTH

: When blood calcium is too high, _____________________ cells the thyroid gland release the hormone _________________________ which causes the excessive blood calcium to be taken up by the bone and made into new bone.

parafollicular / calcitonin

: Linear growth of long bones (increase in height) occurs at the ______________________________ which consists of hyaline cartilage.

epiphyseal plate

: After adult height is reached, the hyaline cartilage is totally replaced with bone (ossification) and what remains is called the ____________________________.

epiphyseal line

: A pituitary gland tumor which secretes growth hormone before adult height is reached may cause abnormally large height called __________________________.

gigantism

: If such a tumor forms after maturing, bone growth would result in abnormally widening of bones in a condition called ________________________________.

acromegaly

: The skeleton has two divisions: the _______________ skeleton that includes the skull which consists of ________ number of bones that form a protective bony cage for the brain and the _____________ bones which number 14 as well as the spinal or vertebral column and the ribs and sternum.

axial / 8 / facial (Note: 8 cranial bones form the protective bony cage for the brain)

: The thoracic vertebrae, ribs and sternum together form the __________________ that protects the heart and lungs.

bony thorax

: The ___________ bone forms the forehead. The left and right ____________________ bones make up most of the top and sides of the head.

frontal / parietal

: The _________________ bones contain the external auditory meatus and form the only movable joint in the skull with the __________________ bone which holds the lower teeth.

temporal / mandible

: Sinuses, air-filled, lined with mucosal membranes which warm and moisten air inhaled through the nose are found in four facial bones, which are the _______________, ________________, ___________________ and __________________ bones.

frontal / ethmoid / maxillary / sphenoid

: Bones which help make up the nasal septum are the ___________________ and __________________________ bones along with a contribution from cartilage.

ethmoid / vomer

: The hard palate of the mouth is made up of the maxillary and ___________________ bones.

palatine

: The parietal bones are joined to each other at the ____________________________________.

sagittal suture

: The parietal bones join the most posterior cranial bone, the _____________________ at the lambdoid suture, and the parietal bones connect with the temporal bones at the ___________________ suture and the frontal bone at the _________________________ suture.

occipital / squamous / coronal suture

: What we commonly called cheekbones are the __________________________ bones. The bridge of the nose is formed by _________________ bones.

Zygomatic / nasal

: The smallest bone in the skull is the _________________ bones.

Lacrimal

: The sphenoid bone also called the ‘keystone’ bone contains a bony cavity called the ______________________ in which the pituitary gland sits.

sella turcica

: The __________________ bone, which is not a part of the skull is the only bone in the body that does not articulate with (form a joint with) any other bone in the body.

hyoid

: The vertebral column (spinal column) consists of ______________ vertebrae that form a bony tunnel for the spinal cord which exits from the brainstem through a large hole in the occipital bone called the ________________________.

26 / foramen magnum (Note: counting 24 individual vertebrae + 1 sacrum + 1 coccyx)

: The occipital bone articulates with cervical vertebra number one, which is also called the ________________.

atlas

: It articulates inferiorly with cervical vertebra 2 also called the _____________. There are ____________ (#) of cervical vertebrae.

axis / 7

: There are ______________(#) of thoracic vertebrae and _______________(#) of lumbar vertebrae.

12 / 5

: The vertebra to which the lower limb girdle bones attach is the _________________ and it lies just superior to the _____________, the last of the vertebrae.

sacrum / coccyx

: The bony thorax is formed by the thoracic vertebrae, 12 pairs of ribs and the _________________, which consists of 3 sections (from top to bottom) which are the ______________, _________________ and __________________.

sternum / manubrium / body / xiphoid process

: The limbs (arms and legs) and girdle bones make up the _______________________ skeleton.

appendicular

: The girdle bones that hold the upper limbs to the axial skeleton are the _______________________ and ___________________ bones.

clavicle / scapula (or pectoral girdle)

: The only joint that actually connects the upper limbs to axial skeleton is the ____________________________ joint. The shoulder girdle is also called the _________________ girdle. The head of the ____________________ forms the shoulder joint with the scapula at the ________________________.

sternoclavicular joint / pectoral / humerus / glenoid cavity (fossa)

: Distally, the humerus articulates with the lateral forearm bone, the __________________ at the ___________________ and the medial forearm bone, the ______________ at the _________________ to form the elbow joint.

radius / capitulum / ulna / trochlea

: The wrist joint is formed by wrist bones called the _________________ and the two forearm bones.

carpals

: The bones of the palm of the hand are the ______________________, of which there are five.

metacarpals

: The digits of the hand (fingers) are comprised of bones called __________________- of which there are a total of _______ in each hand. All fingers except number one which is the _________________ have 3 phalanges.

phalanges / 14 / thumb

: The lower limbs (legs) are attached to the axial skeleton by way of the pelvic girdle bones which are the ____________ bones. These bones are fused and have three areas which are the ____________, ___________ and ______________.

coxal / ilium / ischium / pubis

: They attach to the spinal column at the ________________________ joint. Anteriorly they connect to each other at a joint called the __________________.

sacroiliac / pubic symphysis

: The hip joint is formed by the ___________________________ (a deep fossa) of the hip bones and the head of the _______________________, which is the largest bone in the body.

acetabulum / femur

: Distally this bone forms the knee joint with the medial bone of the lower leg, the __________________, and a small sesamoid bone called the ___________________. The lateral bone of the lower leg is the _________________.

tibia / patella / fibula

: The bones of the lower leg form the _____________ joint with the ________________ (specific name) which sits atop the ______________________ (also called the heel bone).

ankle / talus / calcaneus

: The tarsals articulate with the bones that make up the top and sole of the foot and are called _____________________.

metatarsals Articulations (Joints)

: Articulations are where bones come together. They are classified by structure and function. (Concept Review)

Structure = anatomy (built of), Function = physiology (movement allowed).

: Structurally, there are three classes of joints: ____________________, ____________________ and __________________.

fibrous / cartilaginous / synovial

: Functionally, there are three types of joints: ___________________________, ________________________ and ____________________.

synarthroses / amphiarthroses / diarthroses

: Fibrous joints found only in the skull which allow no movement are called __________________.

sutures

: The only movable joint in the skull is the ___________________________________ joint.

temporomandibular

: Two examples of amphiarthrotic cartilaginous joints are the _______________________________ and pubic symphysis.

intervertebral disc joints

: A special type of fibrous joint that holds teeth in their sockets is called a _____________.

gomphosis

: Most fibrous joints are totally immovable, but the textbook gives you an example of a slightly movable fibrous joint which is the _______________________________ joint.

distal tibiofibular

: Synovial joints have a joint cavity lined with a serous membrane that secretes a viscous fluid called ____________________________ which reduces friction.

synovial fluid

: All synovial joints are lined with hyaline cartilage which is also known as ______________________ cartilage.

articular

: In addition, there are strong fibrous C-shaped cartilage in the knee called _______________________.

menisci

: The most movable joint in the body is the ________________. Examples of hinge joints include: the __________________, ________________ and ________________________________.

hip / elbow / knee / interphalangeal (Note: Shoulder could also be the most movable, but matching answers fit hip/elbow/knee/interphalangeal here)

: The proximal radioulnar joint which allows you to supinate your hand is a ________________ type of synovial joint.

pivot

: The MCP joint (metacarpal/phalangeal joint) is an example of a ____________________ type of synovial joint.

condyloid

: The proximal phalange of the thumb forms a _________________ joint with the first metacarpal.

saddle

: The bones of the wrist form __________________-types of synovial joints. Ball and socket joints include the shoulder and the _________________.

gliding (plane) / hip

: The decrease in the angle of a joint is called _____________________;

flexion

: the increase in the angle of a joint is called __________________________.

extension

: Turning the hand palm up is ____________________, while turning the hand palm downward is _________________________.

supination / pronation

: Pulling the foot with toes upward is called ________________________________ while pointing the toes downward is called __________________________.

dorsiflexion / plantar flexion

: Connective tissue sheath surrounding individual muscle fibers.

endomysium

Bundle of muscle cells surrounded by a perimysium.

Fascicle

: Connective tissue covering the exterior of a muscle organ.

: epimysium

Connective tissue surrounding muscle fiber bundles.

perimysium

: Individual muscle fiber.

muscle fiber (myofiber)

: Sarcomere Structure: I band.

Only thin filaments are found here.

: Sarcomere Structure: H zone.

Only thick filaments are found here.

: Sarcomere Structure: A band.

Overlapping thick and thin filaments are found here.

: Sarcomere Structure: Z disc.

Defines the boundaries of a single sarcomere.

: Sarcomere Structure: M line.

Anchors myosin filaments centrally.

: _________________________ is the connective tissue membrane surrounding the entire muscle.

epimysium

: ________________________ is the sheath surrounding the individual muscle fiber.

endomysium

: _______________________ is the muscle cell membrane.

sarcolemma

: _______________________ is defined as the portion of a myofibril that runs from Z to Z lines.

sarcomere

: _______________________ is the midline of the H Zone.

M line

: True or False: The H band gets bigger when muscles contract.

FALSE (It shortens/disappears)

: True or False: Myosin heads interact with actin during muscle relaxation.

FALSE (They interact during contraction/crossbridge cycle)

: True or False: A fascicle is a bundle of sarcomeres.

FALSE (A fascicle is a bundle of muscle fibers)

: True or False: Elasticity is the same thing as extensibility.

FALSE (Extensibility is the ability to stretch; elasticity is the ability to recoil)

: True or False: Muscle contraction begins at the fascicle.

FALSE (Contraction kinetics begin at the molecular/sarcomere level)

: Invaginations of the sarcolemma penetrating deep into the interior of the muscle cell.

: T tubule

: The space between the axon terminal and the motor end plate.

synaptic cleft

: The swollen distal end of the motor neuron axon.

axon terminal

: The muscle cell membrane.

sarcolemma

: Structures within the axon terminal that contain the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

synaptic vesicles