crj 230 exam 3

unfounding a crime

A crime is reported to an officer but an officer does not complete a crime report occurred 64% of the time in 1980s

proactive vs reactive

Calls for service vs police initiated activity

community oriented policing

\
**These are example of what ?**

***Organizational Theory** \n ***Needs to develop partnerships with community members & civic organizations * Goal is to strengthen communities to fight and prevent crime on their own *Ex: Neighborhood watch, mentor programs, coffee with cop etc**

The Hollywood Detective

\*Extraordinary skill and expertise \*Exciting and dangerous work \*Can solve any crime

criminal investigations

has stages of \*Preliminary investigation \*Follow-up Investigation

matter equals physical evidence

\*Whenever two objects come into contact a mutual exchange of mater will take place between them

routine activity

*indicates which activity?*

**Interviewing victims ** checking crime scenes

secondary activity

indicates which activity? \*Canvassing for or interviewing witnesses \*Collecting physical evidence

Tertiary activity

indicated which activity

***Interviewing suspects** \n ***Discussing details with other officers or detectives *Checking records (internal, NCIC)** \n ***Interviewing informants** \n ***Stakeouts**

Normal Caseload

All cases assigned to the officer

Workload Caseload

Cases with sufficient evidence and are considered workable

Actual Caseload

The actual cases detectives work on

Clearance Rate: Per the FBI

When departments have identified the offender, have sufficient evidence to charge him, and actually take him into custody, or in exceptional instances, when some element beyond police control precludes taking the offender into custody

cause structural factor

the factor must have name or description of the suspect

Organizational Factor

factor must have case load/ # of detectives, staffing/ management, tactics

Environmental Factor

factor must have concentrated disadvantage other neighborhoods conditions

Decentralization

Community policing who removes detectives from central command

role changes

Emphasizing problem oriented policing for detectives

Supply Reduction Strategies

examples:

\*Buy n bust, trading up

\*Long term undercover work

\*Intensive enforcement

Demand Reduction Strategy

***Emphasized reduction for the demand of drugs for potential users**

***EX: School based programs, family based programs, media, mentoring, cognitive behavior therapy**

Suppression

strategy which

***Police gang units- either full time or part time**

***Exists in 1/3 of agencies with 100 or more officers** \n ***One study found that gangs were more successful than homicide units**

Prevention

strategy which

\*Gang resistance education and training (GREAT) \n \*One study found better attitudes but no effects on delinquency

Locard Principal

the idea that anyone entering scene can alter it

Ensure that scene is secure

CSI Step:

\*Locard Principal- **the idea that anyone entering scene can alter it *Assign Scene Security Officer (Patrol)**

***Keeps Security log** \n ***Controls access to scene**

Crime Scene Survey

CSI Step:

***Also Called a walk through- first examination of the scene *Begin reconstruction theory** \n ***Evidence requiring immediate collection** \n ***weather conditions**

***Points of entry and edit to scene**

***Special needs**

Crime Scene Documentation

CSI Step:

\-> The Most Important Step

\-> The Scene is Secured temporarily. CSI Must create a Permanent Record of the Scene -> Tasks:

***Note taking *Video *Photos: digital *Sketching**

Crime Scene Search

CSI Step:

> Through Search for Evidence

\-> Must Complete Search Before any Evidence is Collected -> Chose your Search Pattern

***Link *Line *Grid *Zone *Wheel *Spiral**

Double Bag it

Evidence in primary and secondary containers

Collection and Preservation of Evidence

CSI Step:

***One person should be the designated collector- consistency**

\-> “ Double Bag it “- **Evidence in primary and secondary containers**

*** Each piece of evidence stored separately**

Crime Scene Reconstruction

CSI Step:

\-> Figuring our what Happens at the Scene -> Theory Based on:

***Crime Scene analysis- physical evidence**

***Logic *Experience**

Lawrence W Sherman

**he provides the most systematic classification of the different crime control strategies used by the police or potentially available to them. His classifications are discussed in the castione that follow**

proactive

**in the sense that the police themselves initiate them This reflects the police department's own sense of priorities An example of most drug enforcement agencies**

reactive

in the sense that they occur in response to a citizen request for service. Citizen calls to report crimes involve a reactive police response

particular crimes

Routine patrol and the 911 system are general service activities that respond to any and all types of crimes. Other programs are directed at particular crimes. These include drunk-driving crackdowns, drug or gang crackdowns, or stake- outs designed to catch robbers.

specific places

Routine patrol serves the community at large with no particular geographic focus. Hot-spots programs, by contrast, are directed at specific places believed to be the centers of high levels of criminal activity.

specific offenders

Some anticrime activities are directed at particular offenders. The best examples are the repeat offender programs that target people suspected of currently committing high numbers of serious crimes.

Specific Victims

Some anticrime programs are directed at victims rather than offenders.The most important of these are the domestic violence programs and policies adopted by many police departments. Mandatory arrest policies, for example, are designed to protect victims of domestic assault from future violence

1997 University of Maryland Report

Places police activities in the context of other social institutions. The report argues that the traditional distinction between law enforcement and crime prevention is not valid. Law enforcement tactics such as arrest are designed to prevent crime, through either deterrence or incapacitation Thus, it is appropriate to place all programs and institutions on a single crime prevention continuum

1997 University of Maryland Report

The Crime Prevention Report

\*(1) It Indicates the police are only one of several institutions with some impact on crime and cannot be expected to beat

\*(2) The report emphasizes the interdependence of the different institutions. Thus, effective school-based crime prevention programs depend on strong families, which in turn depend on healthy communities and good labor markets

Community Based Crime Prevention Program

Programs include efforts to build neighborhood organizations, improve physical appearance of the neighborhood, eradcate centers of drug activity, reduce truancy, etc. In these Police officers act as planners, problem solvers, community organizers, and information exchange brokers

Apprehend Criminal

This process involves a complex set of social and organizational factors. The police must learn that a crime has been committed, officially record it as a crime, and then attempt to identify and arrest a suspect.

Herman Goldstein

Observes that "many of the techniques employed by detectives today are more heavily influenced by a desire to imitate stereotypes than by a rational plan for solving crimes.

Detective Work

Appeals to officers for several reasons. It offers greater opportunity to control one's work and to excereise; have considerable discretion over which cases to work on. how much time to spend on each case, and how to investigate the case. Working in civilian clothes enhances the sense of individuality and frees detectives from citizens' stereotyped reactions based on the uniform.

Patrol Work

Contrast Is largely reactive, in response to citizen calls. (Community policing, meanwhile, is designed to give patrol officers more responsibility for initiating activity.) Involves mainly order maintenance and peacekeeping activities, for which there have never been any real performance measures

Preliminary Investigation

*** (1) Identifying and arresting preliminary investigation any suspects.**

*** (2) Providing aid to any victims in need of medical attention** \n ***(3) Securingthe crime scene to prevent loss of evidence,** \n ***(4) Collecting all relevant physical evidence,**

***(5) Preparing a preliminary report."**

Routine Activities

**Includes activities such as interviewing victims and checking the crime scene. These steps: are taken in about 90 percent of all burglaries and robberies.**

Secondary Activities

**Includes activities such as canvassing for witnesses, interviewing other people, interviewing witnesses, discussing the case with supervisors, and collecting physical evidence.**

Tertiary Activities

Activity includes such as discussing the case with patrol officers, interviewing suspects, discussing the case with other detectives, checking department records, checking the National Crime Information Center (NCIC) computer files, checking other records, interviewing informants, and conducting stakeouts.

RAND Corporation 1970s

The study found detective work to be superficial, routine, and nonproductive. Many crimes receive only "superficial" attention, and some are not investigated at all.

Case Screening

Deciding how much effort to put into different cases. Screening decisions are based primarily on the seriousness of the crime and the advances of avidanca that is litaly to lend to an arrest

The Clearance Rate

Is the traditional measure of success in criminal investigation is the clearance. The FBI defines it when the police have "identified the offender, have sufficient evidence to charge him, and actually take him into custody, or in exceptional instances, when some element beyond police control precludes taking the offender into custody

Legally Arrested

or in custody when deprived of their liberty by legal authority. A police officer must have the intent to arrest, must communicate that intent to the person, & must take the person into custody. Many people are detained on the street & then released. Others are taken to the police station & later released. During the time they were in the custody of the police and not free to leave, they were legally under arrest

Behaviorally Arrested

When a police officer performs any of a number of actions: a stop (in which the officer tells the individual not to leave), a verbal statement that the person is "under arrest." or physically restraining a person.

Subjectively Arrested

Whenever the person believes they’re not free to go. An officer may regard an encounter as a stop, but the individual may believe they’re under arrest

Case Solvability Factors

**Factor is used to to examine the influence on investigative effectiveness case structural factors, organizational factors and environmental factors**

Case Structural Factors

**Factor is related to the crime that was committed and that the police are investiesting. EX: the presence or absence of a good lead is a structural! factor, in the sense that it is related to the nature of the crime and independent of police effort.**

Organizational Factors

The Impact factors on success & failure in solving crimes have been examined closely. Found that changes in police effort-more detectives, different levels of training. The addition of detectives reducing caseloads, increasing the use of computer checks, and enhancing additional management, oversight clearance rates increased substantially." These findings challenge the view that police organizations have little effect on clearance rates.

Enviormentntal Factors

Characteristics of community which the police work. Include size of the community, types of crimes committed, the economic structure, & the characteristics of community's residents; Significant impact on clearance rates; have more influence than organization-level variables on agency investigative effectiveness

Officer Productivity

Detectives assigned to high-solvability crimes such as robbery will have more chances to make arrests than those assigned to low solvability crimes such as burglary.

Eyewitness Identification

Are extremely important in solving crimes but also problematic; The victim is often traumatized by the crime, frequently has only an incomplete description of the suspect, may exaggerate certain features ( such as height or weight), or may resort to stereotyping in the sense of being unable to distinguish the individual features of a member of a certain racial or ethnic group.

Eyewitness Misidentification

recommendations include:

\***(1) Rain police on factors thatimpact eyewitness testimony**

***(2) Video record processes associated with eyewitness identification** \n ***(3) Use standardized witness instructions** \n ***(4) Use double-blind line-up and photo array procedures** \n ***(5) Document how confident the eyewitness is in his or her identification.**

Criminalistics

refers to the scientific method used to identify, collect, and analyze physical evidence from a crime. Technical specialists from the crime lab may be used in some investigations.

undercover police work

**Problems that are caused by__**

***(1) It involves deliberate deception by the officer: lying about who he or she is. The danger is that officers become socialized into the habit of lying and may be tempted to lie in other contexts as well, such as when testifying under oath**

***(2) An officer working undercover associates with criminals and attempts to become their friend. This socialization can erode the values and standards of policing. Ties to peer officers and family are weakened. Some officers have gone native." embraced the criminal subculture, and become criminals themselves.**

***(3) Undercover officers are often subject to less direct supervision than other officers. This is particularly true of deep undercover operations in which the officer must spend weeks or months attempting to penetrate a criminal enterprise**

Hammered informants

were those individuals who agreed to be an informant because of the stress associated with their arrest. Many informants were drug users, or low- to mid-eve drug dealers, and they were wiling to become informants to avoid arrest or other formal sanction.

Mercenary Informants

were motivated by money. They provided the police with information whenever they had information to sell. Miller noted that these informants were potentially the most problematic because there was a greater chance for these individuals to falsify evidence so that they could be paid.

Vengeful informants

served as a source of information to exact revenge on someone on whom they wanted to inflict harm. These included individuals who they believed cheated them out of money and former lovers who felt jilted

Police buffs

**These individuals were supportive of police buffs the police and provided. them with information often on a onetime basis because of their access to a particular type of information.**

supply reduction strategy effectiveness

**(1) There is no persuasive evidence that the threat of arrest, per se, deters drug use or sale (or deters any other form of criminal activity, for that matter).**

***(2) Known as the "replacement effect." new drug dealers quickly replace those who’re arrested. Particularly in poor neighborhoods where legitimate career opportunities are limited, the incapacitation of dealers does not affect the demand for new dealers.**

***(3) The strategy of arresting low-•level dealers and trading up to get key individuals in drug trafficking organizations has never proved to be effective in disrupting these organizations**

DARE 

The program consists of 17 hour long classroom sessions conducted by a sworn police officer. Provides information about illegal drugs & their consequences as well as training in social skills to help resist illegal drug use

specialized

Have their own unique administrative policies and procedures, which are often distinct from the rest of the department: and have a front line of experts who are uniquely trained and dedicated to perform specific and focused duties

GREAT

Is the most popular police led gang prevention program is a nine-week class, led by a uniformed police officer, offered once a week to middle school students. The program introduces students to conflict resolution skills, cultural sensitivity, and the problems that are associated with gangs & gang-related behavior.

Kansas City Gun Experiment

The experiment represented a combination of both problem-oriented policing, by focusing on a particular problem, & directed patrol by concentrative on particular areas of high criminal activity. The underlying assumption was that this program would reduce crime both by removing guns from. the streets & by sending a deterrent message about aggressive enforcement in the area

Project Safe Neighborhoods (PSN)

Established by President George W. Bush in 2001 to encourage criminal justice agencies to work together to reduce gun violence.

Project Safe neighborhood

**The goal was to**

***(1) To increase the capacity of PS task forces to design data-driven strategies that produce measurable decreases in firearm-related violent crime**

***(2) To improve the long-term ability of federal, state, and local partners (including police agencies) to work together to understand, prosecute, and prevent firearm-related violent crime within their iurisdictions.**

External Evaluations

Have been conducted in both departments to determine the effectiveness of their strategies it was found that investigators in the special bias crime unit investigated more allegations of bias crimes and cleared more bias crimes than investigators assigned to a comparable group of non bias crimes.

Proactive policing strategies

These represent:

\*Community Policing. \*Zero tolerance policing \*Problem Oriented Policing

Broken Windows

Symbolizes the relationship among disorder, neighborhood decay, and crime. Is a sign that if nobody cares about the appearance of the property. Left unprepared, it encourages other neighborhood residents to neglect their property. This sets in motion a downward spiral of deterioration.

Social Disorder

disorder includes such issues as public drinking, street corner gangs, street harassment, street-level drug sale and use, noisy neighbors, & commercial sex.

Physical Disorder

includes such problems as vandalism, dilapidation and abandonment of buildings, and rubbish.

Community police reform

Targets

\*(1) Community partnerships,

\*(2) Organizational change

\*(3) Problem solving.

Community Policing Advocates

Advocates assert that the most effective way of reducing community decay and disorder is through a collaborative relationship between the police and the community. This broadened view recognizes that cooperation between the police and the public will give police greater access to information provided by the community which in turn will lead the noice to he more responsive to the community's needs

Coproducers of Crime Control and Prevention

 **In an ideal sense, seeks to create a two-way working relationship between the community and the police, in which the police become more integrated into the local community and citizens assume an active role in crime control and prevention.**

Consultation

Agencies have sought to improve the quality of their crime control and prevention efforts by consulting with citizens in their community. This strategy is intended to help the community and police define and prioritize problems.Is usually done in the form of community meetings.

Consultation

**Functions are**

*** (1) It provides a forum for citizens to express their problems and needs,** \n ***(2) It allows police to educate citizens about crime & disorder in their community. *(3)It allows citizens to express complaints involving the police** \n ***(4) It provides a forum for the police to inform the community about their successes and failures.**

Mobilization

**Comes in the form of such programs as Neigh borhood Watch and Crime Stoppers. These community organization strategies not only are a deterrent mechanism but also increase neighborhood cohesion and provide a forum for the police to inform the community of crime prevention techniques.**

Maryland Report

Found that programs directed at families, schools, & communities tend to be most effective where they are needed least. They are least effective in the families, schools, & communities that need the most help

Organizational Structure

Police departments traditionally have been characterized by a highly centralized organizational design, whereas community policing organizations are decentralized. Means that they have fewer levels of management, have less specialization, and allow for more discretion on the part of the line officer.

Problem solving

The police & community engage in a cooperative effort to solve neighborhood problems. Requires participants to identify underlying causes of problems rather than simply respond to the problems themselves. Neighborhood-level strategy to address chronic problems.Can be implemented alone or as part of community policing

Problem solving

\
*** It can involve the police mobilizing and consulting with neighborhood residents, it can involve neighborhood residents (typically through neighborhood associations) identifying the root cause of a problem and mobilizing the police or another governmental service to address the problem,**

***It can also be done by a neighborhood police officer who regularly confers with neighborhood residents as part of his or her regular duties.**

Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy (CAPS)

It remains one of the few long-term evaluations of community policing, which provides us with valuable insights into both the possibilities and the problems of implementing a new policing philosophy throughout a big-city department.

CAPS

**Basic Points**

*** (1) Involvement of the entire police department and the entire city: Some community policing programs, by contrast, involve specialized units separate from the**

**basic operations of the department and/or particular neighborhoods.** \n ***(2) Permanent beat assignments for officers: To enhance officer knowledge of**

**and involvement in neighborhood problems, officers would be given permanent beat assignments.**

***(3) A serious commitment to training: If community policing truly represents a different philosophy, it is necessary to train officers regarding the new expectations about their job.**

***(4) Significant community involvement: One of the basic principles of community policing is that it involves a high level of citizen input and partnership with the police.**

***(5) A close link between policing and the delivery of other city services: CAPS was intended to address neighborhood problems by helping citizens mobilize other city agencies to improve the delivery of services.**

***(6) Emphasis on crime analysis: A heavy emphasis was placed on geographic analysis of crime patterns, using sophisticated computer analysis, to identify problems**

Failure of the CAPS

was the inability to include some segments of the community. Latino renters, low-income households, and high school nongraduates in Chicago were the least aware of and least involved in CAPS.

Decentralized Decision Making

Giving rank and file officers more authority to decide what problems to work on and how to use their time.It however, creates the problem of potential loss of control over police behavior, resulting in abuse of authority.

Neil Websdale

He noted that community policing is particularly intrusive in the lives of poor, minority citizens. Explained that community policing increases surveillance in these communities through increased police presence mandates for those who live in public housing and through cracking down on minor "quality-of-life" infractions.

Minneapolis RECAP Program

Found that in some instances community interests conflicted with the objectives of an innovative police program

Problem Oriented Policing

Is its emphasis on the end product of policing rather than the means by which policing is done. policing the goal is to reduce problems of concern to the public. Close communiy partnerships are often important elements in addressing problems. but they are not the final objective.

Scanning

Can be done in a number of ways. EX: over the course of their shift, the officers can look for & identify possible problems in their beat. Another strategy is the officers to review calls for service & complaints to identify potential problems. Strategy is to consult with residents who live or work in the officers' assigned area. the problems that are to be identified under the SARA model are not individual incidents with no association with one another, but rather problems that share some underlying cause.

Analysis

This stage requires the police to collect information about the problem in an attempt to identify its scope, nature, and cause. This often leads to the police focusing on "three categories of problem characteristics: actors (victims, offenders, third parties), incidents (physical setting, social context, sequence of events), and past responses (by the community and its institutions).

Response

The data collected during the analysis stage are used to develop a strategy to address the problem and implement a response.. Problem-oriented policing emphasizes that the response should go beyond traditional crime control strategies and use strategies and tactics that will have an impact on the conditions that generate crime and disorder-rather than just treat the symptom itself.