hhd EXAM

subjective

something that can be viewed differently by different people

dynamic

something that is constantly changing or can change quickly

illness

a subjective concept related to personal experience of a disease

disease

a physical or mental disturbance involving symptoms, dysfunction or tissue damage

health and wellbeing

the state of a person’s physical, social, emotional, mental and spiritual existence, characterised by an equilibrium in which the individual feels happy, healthy, capable and engaged

physical health and wellbeing

relates to the functioning of the body and its systems; it includes the physical capacity to perform daily activities or tasks

social health and wellbeing

relates to the ability to form meaningful and satisfying relationships with others and the ability to manage and adapt to social settings appropriately

mental health and wellbeing

the current state of wellbeing relating to a person’s mind or brain and the ability to think and process

information.

spiritual health and wellbeing

relates to ideas, beliefs, values and ethics that arise in the minds and conscience of human beings.

emotional health and wellbeing

relates to the ability to express feelings in an appropriate way.

DALY

one year of life lost due to premature death or the equivalent time of healthy years lost as a result of living with a disability or disease

HALE

the avg length of time an individual at a specific age can expect to live in full health, that is, time lived without the health consequences of disease or injury. 

LE

the number of years of life, on average, remaining to an individual at a particular age if death rates do not change

BOD

measures the gap between current health and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free from disease and disability

self-assessed health status

it reflects a person’s perception of their own health and wellbeing at a given point in time.

smoking effects

The chemicals in cigarettes may cause faults in cells that lead to tumors, and this can lead to lung cancer.

vaping effects

vaping can lead to breathlessness and worsen existing conditions like asthma

alcohol effects

Alcohol is filtered through the liver. Excessive consumption can cause inflammation and scarring of the liver tissue, which can lead to the liver not functioning properly and overtime leading to chronic liver conditions

overweight and obesity effects

Overweight and obesity usually means there is a greater strain on the heart, which increases the risk of hypertension, heart attack and stroke.

under-consumption of fruit and vegetables

Fibre adds bulk to faeces and assists in keeping the digestive system clean, reducing the risk of abnormal cells developing, therefore a low intake of fibre can lead to bowel cancer. 

under-consumption of dairy foods effect

dairy foods contain minerals such as calcium which is essential for a range of functions in the body including the strengthening of bones and the prevention of osteoporosis

high intake of fat effect

All fats can be used as a fuel source for energy production and will contribute to weight gain if the energy provided by them is not used. Excessive consumption of any type of fat can therefore contribute to overweight and obesity

high intake of salt effects

Increased blood volume and hypertension force the heart to work harder. Heart failure can result if the heart cannot keep up with demand from the body

high intake of sugar effects

sugars provide a food source for bacteria in the mouth. These bacteria produce acids that can contribute to the decay of tooth enamel and the development of dental caries

biological factors

factors that relate to the structure of the cells, tissues and systems of the body and how adequately they function

body weight

overweight/obesity places extra pressure on the bones and joints increasing the prevalence of osteoarthritis. this can lead to a significant amount of pain impacting physical health and wellbeing

blood pressure

high blood pressure means heart is working harder, increasing risk of heart attack and stroke, reducing LE. the increased risk of heart attack may bring levels of stress and anxiety about having a heart attack, reducing mental health and wellbeing. 

blood cholesterol

too much low density lipo proteins cholesterol leads to the narrowing of blood vessels which increases the incidence of CVD. restricted blood flow to the brain can interfere with thought processes including processing info and problem solving abilities, impacting mental health and wellbeing

glucose regulation

impaired glucose regulation results in raised blood levels, increasing the incidence of CVD. this can lead to issues with eyesight, gums and feet. these complications can contribute to increased stress and anxiety about the future of the condition, mental health and wellbeing

sociocultural factors

the social and cultural conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age

SES

high SES means high income which helps people to afford nutritious foods which reduces the risk of overweight and obesity and thus associated conditions such as type 2 diabetes, improving LE. occupations in which people work with others such as schools can provide a supportive network of friends that improve social health and wellbeing. 

employment status

unemployment means no income- without an income life expectancy decreases as you can’t access healthcare. being unemployed can place severe financial stress on people, reducing mental health and wellbeing

social networks

social exclusion often contributes to risk-taking behaviours such as smoking and vaping increasing the prevalence of respiratory diseases. social networks provide a sense of belonging to the world, enhancing spiritual health and wellbeing.  

commercial factors def

commercial factors relate to the impact the private sector has on consumption patterns of individuals and groups

commercial factors

exposure to air pollution can contribute to higher morbidity of respiratory conditions such as asthma.
exposure to marketing techniques can increase the likelihood of people participating in activities that can detract from health such as vaping, impacting ability to carry out daily tasks, physical health and wellbeing 

environmental factors

 the physical surroundings in which we live, work and play

housing environment

a damp housing environment with poor ventilation can promise the growth of mould which increases risk of respiratory conditions such as bronchitis, leading to increases morbidity. having a house that is not secure from the elements and intruders can promote fear and stress, mental health and wellbeing

work environment

on outdoor workplace (e.g farming) increases exposure to harmful UV radiation, increasing incidence of skin cancer. injuries sustained in the workplace can influence the impact on the functioning of the body systems, impacting physical health and wellbeing

infrastructure- roads/transport

adequately maintained roads and traffic systems can decrease the risk of mortality from road traumas. having access to public spaces such as walking paths increases amount of people being active, promoting physical health and wellbeing

improvements in hs from 1990

increased LE
decreased infant, under 5 and maternal mortality rates
decreased mortality from CVD

decreased mortality from injuries, respiratory conditions and infectious diseases

old public health 

government actions that focused on altering the physical environment to help reduce the spread of infectious diseases, which included the provision of safe water and sanitation, improved housing and work conditions, sewerage disposal and improved nutrition

old public health initiative

more hygenic birthing practices- trained and registered doctors, reduction in maternal and infant mortality
better-quality housing and elimination of housing slums- laws for all houses to be built with sewerage system, reduced deaths from respiratory diseases (pneumonia) and infectious diseases (typhoid)

water-born diseases

diarrhoea- bacterial or viral infections from water
typhoid- fever, diarrhoea and stomach pain from water

infectious diseases

measles- contact with infected nasal or throat
whooping cough- spreads in air when infected person coughs

biomedical model

focuses on the physical and biological aspects of disease and illness. it is a medical model of care and is associated with the diagnosis, cure and treatment of ‘disease’. chemo, diagnose with x-rays, treat with radiation therapy

biomedical model strength 

it enables many conditions and diseases to be effectively treated. medicines stop conditions and diseases from developing and reduce ill health or death. 

biomedical model limitation

it is not always affordable. not everyone can afford the medical tecnology and resources apart of the biomedical model

social model of health

the social model of health focuses on the physical, sociocultural and political environments that impact health outcomes

social model 2 points

the model targets whole communities, the model focuses on the impact of lifestyle based diseases

social model strength

it takes a more holistic approach to health and wellbeing- it doesn’t just focus on diseases that are present, has the potential to promote overall health and wellbeing of individuals by focusing on all dimensions. 

social model limitiation

health promotion messages may be ignored- social model relies on public cooperation. health and wellbeing may not improve

population health 

the health outcomes of a group of individuals, including the distribution of such outcomes within that group. 

health promotion

the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health.