Water balance

define ecological niche

ecological niche basically defines what a species is. The role that an organism plays within its ecosystem.

how do we define or map the ecological niche of an organism

what's consumed by a species or an organism.

what resources the species requires and resources,

distribution of resources

it’s habitat

abiotic factors

ecological niche relevance to physiology,

determines whether or not a species can survive and reproduce within a place.

ecological niche relevance to adaptation

change or adjustment within the lifetime of the individual, that make it well-suited to that environment.

ecological niche relevance to disease.

They are biotic elements of environments that influence the abundance or the presence and absence of other species.

the elements of the external environment that are affecting individual organisms.

conditions are aspects of the environment that are abiotic factors

resources are essentially the biotic components of an environment

Biodiversity

variation in conditions and resources across the surface of planet Earth

Anatomy. Physiology. Biochemistry. Behaviour are the ways in which species and individual organisms interact with the environment.

Why do we have biodiversity?

environmental variation.

evolution

genetic diversity

how do organisms manage their internal environment in relation to the external environment.

regulation

conformation

what is conformance (conformation)

an individual organisms internal physiology is changing with the changes that occur in the external environment.

what is regulation

are species that display physiological strategies where they're aiming to maintain a physiological level internally, irrespective of what's happening within the external environment.

name the different thermal management

ectotherms

endotherm

ectotherms

is an animal that relies on heat from the external environment in order to generate energy and activity

endotherm

can independently generate its own internal body heat.

ectotherm is a conformer or regulator

conformer

endotherm is a conformer or regulator

regulator

what options are there to do in extreme environmental change

avoidance

die

tolerate the extreme

osmosis

It's the movement of water molecules down their concentration gradient

plasticity/acclimatisation

individuals respond physiologically to changing conditions, within its lifetime, a day or season.

what is physiology?

Physiology it's the structures, functions that enable life to exist and function, activities and reactions that are going on within the body of an individual organism.

why does physiology exist

physiology enables individual organisms to interact effectively with the external environment. manages the relationship between the internal environment and the external environment.

describe the strategy of a conformer using the graph

The conformal graph shows that as temperature changes in the external environment on the x axis we see the same change occurring on the Y axis. creating a line of conformance change in external mirrored by changing internal environment.

describe the strategy of a regulator using the graph

where the external environment is changing e.g. temp. We see a stable value maintained in the internal environment. that's called the zone of stability where homeostasis is occurring

what hat happens when you push a regulator to the extreme

they're no longer able to maintain homeostasis

how do animals use avoidance as a response to extreme environmental change

migration is spatial avoidance of extremes

torpor Is the physiological shut down or slow down of an animal allowing them to conserve energy

why do we have evolutionary divergence

cus closely related species have adapted to different environments and respond to different selection pressures

why do we have evolutionary convergence

two unrelated independent populations live similar environments and have similar ecological niches, making evolve similar characteristics

what is adaptation

a genetic change between generations to match the environment.

What is osmolarity

Osmolarity relates to the concentration of ions within a solution, therefore the relative water concentration within a solution.

What is high osmolarity

high concentration of solutes, that means a highly concentrated solution with relatively little water, it is is not dilute

What is low osmolarity

has a law solute means it's mostly water, meaning it is diluted or more dilute.

water balance within the cell

a cell can be iso-osmotic, hypoosmotic, hyperosmotic

what is iso-osmotic cellular solution

has the same osmolarity as the external environment, 2 solutions have equal osmolarity

what is hypoosmotic cellular solution

has a high water concentration, it has low osmolarity, lots of water inside cell compared to external environment, so it's a dilute solution,

what is hyperosmotic cellular solution

has a high osmolarity, it has a low water concentration, taking in water from the external environment because water flows down its concentration gradient,

what is tonicity

refers to the osmolarity of the environment outside the cell.

what is hyper tonic

outside the cell has a high osmolarity, water is flowing into the cell, therefore flowing out of the cell, volume of solute in cell is low but water concentration inside the cell is relatively high, cell shrivels up

what is isotonic solution

the environment osmolarity is the same level as inside the cell.

what is hypotonic

the environment has a high water concentration, has a low osmolarity, and it is then giving water or losing water Is going out of the environment into the cell. Cell bursts

water balance strategy

osmo-conformer/regulator

what is osmo-conformers

The water concentration inside the cell equals the water concentration outside.

osmolarity of the tissues is equal to that of the environment.

what osmotic cellular solution do osmo-conformers have

iso-osmotic

what type of animals are osmo-conformers

marine invertebrates

what does it mean freshwater enviroment osmo-regulators

are maintaining an internal level of Osmolarity, which differs from the external environment. maintaining a different tissue osmolarity from the environment

what osmotic cellular solution do freshwater animals osmo-regulators

hyper osmotic

why are fresh water environments hyper osmotic

animals have a higher concentration of salt in their bodies than the water around them, water enters their body

why are marine invertebrates iso-osmotic

their internal body matches the solute concentration of their environment, which minimizes the need to expend energy actively regulating their internal osmotic balance

how does fresh water animal prevent cell bursting

they’ve have a physiological system to excrete water.

what fresh water animals are osmo-regulators

fresh water invertebrates and vertebrates.

why marine animals that are osmo-regulators, hypo osmotic

the concentration of water in the cells of the animal is higher than outside The environment has a high osmolarity therefore , water will flow via osmosis out of the cells. They excrete solutes

how do marine animals that are osmo-regulators prevent excreting all water in cells

they’ve anatomical and physiological system that holds on to their water, which is trying to minimise water loss.

challenge animal terrestrial environment that are osmo-regulators face

they’re hypo-osmotic, water's flowing out of the cells, into the environment becausebecause the terrestrial environment is drier than the internal body of the animal.

how terrestrial osmo-regulators face ace their challenge of hypo-osmotic

animal is going to work to conserve water and solutes physiollogically

what are ionoconformers

allows the concentration of ions in the cell match external environment

what are ionoregulators

maintaining a constant value of a particular ion internally irrespective of the concentration of the ion in the outside environment.

Do ionoregulators engage in passive or active transport and justify why

active transport because they’re maintaining either a low or a higher iron concentration internally than externally, that requires energy

What is nitrogenous waste?

the metabolic processes that go on within animals produce nitrogenous waste and different taxonomic groups have different ways of managing nitrogenous waste which relates to water balance.

how do aquatic animals manage nitrogenous waste

aquatic animals allow their nitrogenous waste to diffuse across the gills into the environment and that nitrogenous waste is ammonia

how do terrestrial animals manage nitrogenous waste

they detoxify the ammonia to a less toxic urea or uric acid they need to excrete it using a solution. how much they do that is dependent on water availability to the animal and the environment in which it occurs

ammonotelic animals release their nitrogenous waste.

ammonia.

ureotelic excrete the nitrogenous waste.

urea

uricotelic excrete the nitrogenous waste.

Uric acid

insect invertebrate excretory system.

Malpighian tubules

what is flatworm EXCRETORY system

protonephridia

challenges flatworm have in their enviroment

They're working to conserve ions and they're working to excrete water because water is available IN high concentration.

what is protonephridia

EXCRETORY system that help to remove waste and regulate the osmotic balance in the body.

what is annelid worm EXCRETORY system

metanephridia

what is annelid worm metanephridia

they produce dilute urine contains nitrogenous waste that they are removing from their body

insect invertebrate excretory system Malpighian tubules Explain

Concentrates waste and conserving water within the body and excrete semisolid waste

What is the major excretory organ within vertebrates

Kidney

Function unit within the Kidney

Nephron

Fresh water fish are what type of osmotic

Hyper-osmotic

Kidney in freshwater fish do what

Excrete dilute urine

Challenge of freshwater fish vertebrate face?

Loads of water come into the body cus of that they don’t drink water and their excretory system has adapted to produce dilute urine

Kidney has evolved to…

Excrete/conserve water

What other challenge do freshwater fish have, how they fix it

Solutes leave the body, they resorb ions they do so through their excretory system and via the gills

What nephrons do for fresh water fish

Ions are absorbed back into the circulatory system within the nephron

Marine bony fish is what type of osmotic

Hypo osmotic

Environmental challenge for marine bony fish and how does it fix it

H20 leaves body, it drinks h20 and actively excretes ions @ gill surface and in urine

What type of pee do marine bony fish produce

Concentrated using which isotonic body with the body fluids

Marine cartilaginous fish osmotic type

Body fluid ISO-osmotic w seawater

How are Marine cartilaginous fish iso-osmotic

Maintain a high conc of urea in blood supply

Their kidneys resorb urea within nephron tubules

Tissues and enzymes tolerate high urea

What is Amphibians challenges they live in freshwater and how they fix it

Too much h2O need to make dilute urine to get water out and actively transporting be ions from water to skin

Terrestrial vertebrate excretory system

Tell me about

Terrestrial Reptiles

They Excrete uric acid

Tell me about

freshwater and marine Reptiles

Excrete salts from salt gland to get rid of salt

Birds excretory system

Excrete uric acid to minimise water loss to get rid of nitrogenous waste

What type of pee do reptiles birds and mammals make

Hyper osmotic conc urine

What allows reptiles birds and mammals to have Hyper osmotic conc urine

Loop of Henle

Loop of Henle Does what?

Provides an exchange of molecules across semi permeable membrane within circulatory system and excretory system

Loop of henle is a counter current true or false

True

counter current is what

Fluids moving the opposite direction

What is con-current

Fluids moving in the same direction

Counter currents produce what?

A conc gradient

How is counter current effective for loop of henle

Enables vertebrate kidney to concentrate urine

Structures with nephron

• Loop of henle

• Glomerulus

• Renal tube

• Peritubular capillaries

What does glomerulus do?

A ball of capillaries which filters the blood

What is Renal tube

Process glomerular filtrate to urine

What is Peritubular capillaries

Exchange w renal tubes

Nephrons do what

Active transport of NaCl