Romanian Verb System - Key Terms (Lecture Notes)

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A vocabulary-style set of flashcards covering the main terms and concepts from the lecture notes on Romanian verb classes, moods, voices, and diathesis.

Last updated 9:13 AM on 8/26/25
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34 Terms

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Verb (Verbul)

A lexico-grammatical class with a very rich and open inventory, distinguished from other parts of speech by several features.

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Predicative verb

A verb that can occupy the syntactic position of the verbal predicate by itself when in a personal mood.

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Non-predicative verb

Verbs that cannot form a standalone predicate and must appear with other elements; include copulative and auxiliary verbs.

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Copulative verbs

Verbs that can form a predicative nominal with a noun, provided the verb is in a predicative mood.

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a deveni

A copulative verb that is always copulative; patterns like [verb + something] (e.g., a deveni profesor).

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a ajunge / a ieși (copulative when substitutable)

Copulative verbs that can substitute for a copulative like deveni (e.g., a ajuns director); pattern [verb + something/cumva].

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a se face

Copulative verb that can substitute with deveni; used in contexts like Ioan s-a făcut inginer.

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a rămâne

Copulative verb with pattern [verb + cumva] or [verb + undeva]; predicative when not substitutable with a different predicative meaning.

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a părea

Copulative verb that is copulative when there is a subject; predicative when used without a subject.

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a însemna

Copulative verb that can substitute for represented meaning (a reprezenta/importanţă) and can be predicative or substitute with nota.

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a se numi

Copulative verb that refers to names or can substitute with a representing meaning.

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a se chema

Copulative verb that refers to names or can substitute with a representing meaning.

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Morphological values of the verb a fi

a fi can be predicative (substitutable by trăi, exista, se afla, costa, etc.), copulative (when not substitutable), or auxiliary (helping form other tenses/voices).

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Verbe auxiliare (Auxiliary verbs)

Auxiliary verbs help form compound moods, tenses, or the passive voice and do not occupy their own independent predicate.

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Auxiliary verbs in Romanian

There are three main auxiliaries: a fi, a avea, a vrea (a voi).

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II. Personal vs. Impersonal verbs

Personal verbs have forms for all persons and a [+Person] subject; impersonal verbs lack a subject or have a subject realized propositionally.

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Verbe personale

Verbs that can take person-number forms and have a syntactic subject.

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Verbe impersonale

Verbs lacking a grammatical subject or whose subject is realized propositionally (e.g., a se înnopta, a trebui, a se cuveni).

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Transitive vs. Intransitive verbs

Transitive verbs can take a direct object; intransitive verbs cannot take a direct object.

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7.5. Categorials of the verb: Mood (Moduri)

Categories describing how the verb behaves syntactically (Indicative, Infinitive, Conjunctive, Gerund, Conditional-Optative, Participial, Imperative, Supine, Prezumtiv).

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Moduri personale

Moods where verbs change form for person and number and occupy the predicate position.

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Indicative (mod personal)

A mood used for factual statements with tenses like present, imperfect, perfect, pluperfect, and future.

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Conjunctive (să- forms)

Mood used in subordinate clauses; typically formed with the particle să and auxiliary fi for perfects.

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Condițional-Optativ

Mood used for present and perfect aspects; formed with auxiliary a avea or a fi in some constructions.

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Imperativ

Mood with forms typically for 2nd person singular and plural; not all verbs have an imperative (e.g., ninge).

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Gerunziu

Non-finite form ending in -ind/-ând; functions as an adverbial or predicative modifier; can convert to an adjective (conversie de gerunziu).

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Participiu

Non-finite form ending in -t or -s; used as adjective or in compound predicates; adjective-like in function.

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Supin

Non-finite form formed with a preposition plus a participle (de alergat, la alergat, pentru alergat, etc.).

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Infinitiv (Infinitive)

Dictionary form of the verb, introduced by the particle a (a alerga, a scrie); non-finite form.

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Conjugarea (Conjugation)

Classification of verbs by infinitive endings: I -a, II -ea, III -e, IV -i/î.

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Active diathesis

Subject performs the action (e.g., Ionel citește o carte).

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Passive diathesis

Subject receives the action (e.g., Cartea este citită de Ionel).

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Impersonal diathesis

Verb forms with impersonal subject (e.g., se aleargă în parc).

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Reflexive vs. Active-pronominal diathesis

Distinction between reflexive use (se) and active-pronominal with clitic; tests include doubling the clitic or substituting with a personal clitic.