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A vocabulary-style set of flashcards covering the main terms and concepts from the lecture notes on Romanian verb classes, moods, voices, and diathesis.
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Verb (Verbul)
A lexico-grammatical class with a very rich and open inventory, distinguished from other parts of speech by several features.
Predicative verb
A verb that can occupy the syntactic position of the verbal predicate by itself when in a personal mood.
Non-predicative verb
Verbs that cannot form a standalone predicate and must appear with other elements; include copulative and auxiliary verbs.
Copulative verbs
Verbs that can form a predicative nominal with a noun, provided the verb is in a predicative mood.
a deveni
A copulative verb that is always copulative; patterns like [verb + something] (e.g., a deveni profesor).
a ajunge / a ieși (copulative when substitutable)
Copulative verbs that can substitute for a copulative like deveni (e.g., a ajuns director); pattern [verb + something/cumva].
a se face
Copulative verb that can substitute with deveni; used in contexts like Ioan s-a făcut inginer.
a rămâne
Copulative verb with pattern [verb + cumva] or [verb + undeva]; predicative when not substitutable with a different predicative meaning.
a părea
Copulative verb that is copulative when there is a subject; predicative when used without a subject.
a însemna
Copulative verb that can substitute for represented meaning (a reprezenta/importanţă) and can be predicative or substitute with nota.
a se numi
Copulative verb that refers to names or can substitute with a representing meaning.
a se chema
Copulative verb that refers to names or can substitute with a representing meaning.
Morphological values of the verb a fi
a fi can be predicative (substitutable by trăi, exista, se afla, costa, etc.), copulative (when not substitutable), or auxiliary (helping form other tenses/voices).
Verbe auxiliare (Auxiliary verbs)
Auxiliary verbs help form compound moods, tenses, or the passive voice and do not occupy their own independent predicate.
Auxiliary verbs in Romanian
There are three main auxiliaries: a fi, a avea, a vrea (a voi).
II. Personal vs. Impersonal verbs
Personal verbs have forms for all persons and a [+Person] subject; impersonal verbs lack a subject or have a subject realized propositionally.
Verbe personale
Verbs that can take person-number forms and have a syntactic subject.
Verbe impersonale
Verbs lacking a grammatical subject or whose subject is realized propositionally (e.g., a se înnopta, a trebui, a se cuveni).
Transitive vs. Intransitive verbs
Transitive verbs can take a direct object; intransitive verbs cannot take a direct object.
7.5. Categorials of the verb: Mood (Moduri)
Categories describing how the verb behaves syntactically (Indicative, Infinitive, Conjunctive, Gerund, Conditional-Optative, Participial, Imperative, Supine, Prezumtiv).
Moduri personale
Moods where verbs change form for person and number and occupy the predicate position.
Indicative (mod personal)
A mood used for factual statements with tenses like present, imperfect, perfect, pluperfect, and future.
Conjunctive (să- forms)
Mood used in subordinate clauses; typically formed with the particle să and auxiliary fi for perfects.
Condițional-Optativ
Mood used for present and perfect aspects; formed with auxiliary a avea or a fi in some constructions.
Imperativ
Mood with forms typically for 2nd person singular and plural; not all verbs have an imperative (e.g., ninge).
Gerunziu
Non-finite form ending in -ind/-ând; functions as an adverbial or predicative modifier; can convert to an adjective (conversie de gerunziu).
Participiu
Non-finite form ending in -t or -s; used as adjective or in compound predicates; adjective-like in function.
Supin
Non-finite form formed with a preposition plus a participle (de alergat, la alergat, pentru alergat, etc.).
Infinitiv (Infinitive)
Dictionary form of the verb, introduced by the particle a (a alerga, a scrie); non-finite form.
Conjugarea (Conjugation)
Classification of verbs by infinitive endings: I -a, II -ea, III -e, IV -i/î.
Active diathesis
Subject performs the action (e.g., Ionel citește o carte).
Passive diathesis
Subject receives the action (e.g., Cartea este citită de Ionel).
Impersonal diathesis
Verb forms with impersonal subject (e.g., se aleargă în parc).
Reflexive vs. Active-pronominal diathesis
Distinction between reflexive use (se) and active-pronominal with clitic; tests include doubling the clitic or substituting with a personal clitic.