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abnormal psychology
the study of atypical or abnormal behaviour, thoughts, or emotions that deviate from culturally accepted norms
psychopathology
study of mental disorders, their symptoms, causes, and treatments. It involves the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of psychological disorders
abnormality
deviation from social norm, deviation from ideal mental health, statistical infrequency
the medical model of abnormality
the assumption that mental disorders are a result of physical or biological problems that can be diagnosed, treated, and cured in the same way as physical illnesses
classification systems
frameworks used to categorize and organize information based on certain criteria or characteristics
DSM-I
published in 1952 by the American Psychiatric Association. It was the first official classification system of mental disorders in the United States and included descriptions of 106 mental disorders based on a psychoanalytic framework. The DSM-I focused on diagnosing mental disorders based on observable symptoms and behaviours, rather than their underlying causes
DSM-II
published in 1968 and reflected a continuation of the psychoanalytic approach to diagnosing mental disorders, 13 major categories and relied heavily on Freudian theory.
DSM-III
published in 1980 and represented a significant change in the classification of mental disorders, based on a more objective and empirical approach to the classification of mental disorders, using specific criteria to diagnose disorders and including more diagnostic categories than previous editions
DSM-IV
published in 1994, several changes and updates to the classification and diagnostic criteria of mental disorders
DSM-5
published in 2013, consists of 20 chapters that cover all major categories of mental disorders and related conditions. The new edition emphasizes the dimensional nature of psychiatric disorders, with a focus on symptom severity and functional impairment, takes culture and gender into account
ICD-11
classify and code diagnoses, symptoms, and procedures. It is maintained by the World Health Organization (WHO) and is used worldwide as a standard diagnostic tool for epidemiology, clinical purposes, and health management. published in 2018,
depression
mental health disorder characterized by feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a loss of interest in activities that were once enjoyable. Symptoms can vary but may include fatigue, insomnia, changes in appetite, feelings of worthlessness, and difficulty concentrating
influence of classification systems
a significant impact on prevalence rates of disorders. The criteria for diagnosis and the changes made to the diagnostic categories over time can lead to changes in prevalence rate
clinical biases in diagnosis
affecting the accuracy of diagnosis, the unconscious or conscious influence of a clinician's own attitudes, beliefs, values, or expectations on the diagnostic process, resulting in inaccurate or inconsistent diagnoses
expression of symptoms
can lead to underdiagnoses or misdiagnosis of a disorder if the individual's symptoms do not fit the typical presentation of the disorder. the overexpression of symptoms can also impact prevalence rates by increasing the rates of false positives.
reliability of diagnosis
the consistency or stability of diagnosis made by different clinicians or by the same clinician at different times
validity of diagnosis
the extent to which a diagnosis accurately reflects the true condition of the patient. It is an important aspect of diagnostic assessment because the accuracy of the diagnosis has significant implications for treatment and prognosis
different types of clinical variables
attitudes and beliefs, ability, cognitive bias
different types of patient variables
somatization (manifestation of physical symptoms when in psychological distress), expression of symptoms
cultural dimensions of diagnosis
the ways in which culture can influence the manifestation, perception, and interpretation of symptoms of mental disorder
