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Adverse Selection
The choosing of alternatives without fully knowing the details of available options.
Closed Primary
A primary election in which only voters who have registered their affiliation with the party can participate in.
Caucus
A meeting of a political group to select candidates, plan strategy, or make decisions about legislative matters.
Equal Time Rule
An FCC requirement that requires broadcasters to provide an equal opportunity for candidates of the same political office to communicate their message to the public.
Gender Gap
A pattern of voting behavior that reflects the difference in views between men and women.
Gerrymandering
The drawing of electoral districts in a way which gives an advantage to one political party.
Interest Group
An organized group of people that attempts to influence governmental policies.
Initiative
A process by which citizens petition to put a policy proposal on the ballot for public vote.
Lobbying
An attempt by a group to influence the policy process through persuasion of government officials.
Moral Hazard
The problem of not knowing all aspects of the actions taken by an agent on behalf of the principal or at their expense.
Framing
The influence the media has over how events and issues are interpreted.
Open Primary
A primary election in which voters can choose on the day of the primary which party’s primary to vote in.
Party Identification
An individual’s attachment to a particular political party, which may be based on ideology, life experience or upbringing.
Party Activist
A partisan who contributes time and energy beyond voting to support a party and its candidates.
Party Machine
Party organization that controlled local politics through patronage and backing nominees during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Plurality Rule
A type of electoral system in which victory goes to the individual who gets the most votes, but not necessarily a majority of the votes cast.
Prospective Voting
Voting based on how the voter imagines a candidate will perform once in office.
Political Action Committee (PAC)
A private group that raises and distributes funds for use in election campaigns.
Pluralism
The theory that all interests should be free to compete for influence in the government.
Prior Restraint
An effort by a government agency to censor news by blocking the publication of a material in a newspaper or magazine.
Referendum
A direct vote by the electorate on a proposed law that has been passed by the legislature or on a specific governmental action.
Recall
The removal of a public official by popular vote.
Retrospective Voting
Voting based on the past performance of a candidate or party.
Super PACs
Independent expenditure committees which can’t directly coordinate their activities with political candidates, but are allowed to raise unlimited funds from any source, as well as advertise for and against candidates.
Selective Benefits
Benefits that are selectively distributed only to those who contribute to the group enterprise.
Selection Bias
A polling error in which some opinions are over or underrepresented because the sample is not representative of the population being studied.
