Quantum-Mechanical Model of the Atom

These flashcards cover key concepts in the quantum-mechanical model of the atom, including terms, definitions, and important principles related to electromagnetic radiation, atomic structure, and quantum mechanics.

Electromagnetic Radiation

A form of energy that includes light, heat, microwaves, and radio waves.

Wavelength (λ)

The distance between successive peaks of a wave, usually measured in meters or nanometers.

Frequency (ν)

The number of waves that pass a certain point in a certain amount of time, measured in hertz (s-1).

Quantum

A discrete packet of energy.

Node

A point in a standing wave where the amplitude is zero.

Constructive Interference

Occurs when waves combine to form a larger wave.

Destructive Interference

Occurs when waves combine to cancel each other out.

Bohr Model

The model of the atom that describes electrons in specific energy levels or orbits.

Quantum Numbers

Four numbers that describe the properties of atomic orbitals and the properties of electrons in orbitals.

Planck's Constant (h)

A fundamental constant used to calculate the energy of a photon, approximately 6.626 x 10^-34 J·s.

Photoelectric Effect

The emission of electrons from a metal when it is exposed to light of a certain frequency.

Emission Spectrum

The spectrum of light released from excited atoms, consisting of specific wavelengths.

Rydberg Equation

An equation used to calculate the wavelengths of spectral lines in hydrogen.

Angular Momentum Quantum Number (l)

Determines the shape of an orbital, with integer values starting from 0.

Magnetic Quantum Number (ml)

Specifies the orientation of an orbital in space, with values ranging from -l to +l.

Spin Quantum Number (ms)

Indicates the orientation of an electron's spin, with values of +1/2 or -1/2.

Diffraction

The bending of waves around obstacles or openings.

De Broglie Wavelength

The wavelength of a particle is inversely proportional to its momentum.

Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

It is impossible to know both the position and momentum of a particle simultaneously.

Radial Distribution Function

Represents the total probability of finding an electron within a thin spherical shell at a distance from the nucleus.

Phase of an Orbital

Indicates the sign (positive or negative) of the wave function associated with an electron in an orbital.