Physiology Lab Module 1

cell membrane

-phospholipid bilayer (hydrophilic heads, hydrophobic tails)

-semipermeable

passive transport

does not require energy

active transport

needs energy

diffusion

movement of molecules from high to low concentration, requires no energy

simple diffusion

molecules simply pass through membrane (small, lipid, hydrophobic)

facilitated diffusion

diffusion with the help of a membrane protein

-high to low concentration

-requires no energy

symport

substances move in same direction (ex. sodium and glucose)

antiport

substances move in opposite directions (ex. sodium and hydrogen)

osmosis

movement of water across the membrane, requires no energy

-water moves from low to high solute concentration

isotonic

equal solute level

hypertonic

high solute outside cell (cell shrinks)

hypotonic

low solute outside cell (cell swells)

active transport

requires energy because moving molecules from low to high against concentration gradient

-ATP used to pump molecules

vesicular transport

vesicles made from the cell membrane used to transport a bulk amount of material

endocytosis

bulk import using vesicles

exocytosis

bulk export using vesicles

enzyme

a protein that performs a special function/chemical reaction

-lower activation energy

-substrates bind to active site

activation energy

energy required for a chemical reaction to begin

effect of temperature on enzymes

-high and low temps can denature an enzyme (misfold)

-average human temperature is around 37 C; maximum rate of enzymes in the human body

effect of pH on enzymes

-most human enzymes perform best at pH 7.4

-pepsin (pH 2), salivary amylase (pH ~6.7), trypsin (pH ~9)

epithelial tissue

-covers body surfaces and lines inside of hollow organs

-form sheets of cells that are exposed to an open space (lumen)

-squamous (flat), cuboidal (cube), columnar (tall column), stratified (multiple layers)

simple squamous epithelial

simple cuboidal epithelial

simple columnar epithelial

pseudostratified columnar epithelial

stratified squamous epithelial

transitional epithelial

apical side of epithelial tissue

faces the lumen

basal side of epithelial tissue

faces the basement membrane/faces away from lumen

connective tissue

-support, protection, binding, storage

-contains extracellular matrix (ground substance) found outside of cells

-adipose, areolar, bone, blood

reticular connective tissue

branching fibers with lots of extracellular matrix

dense connective tissue

tightly packed collagen fibers; fibroblasts between fibers

-function: attachment

dense irregular connective tissue

tightly packed and irregular collagen fibers facing different directions

dense regular connective tissue

tightly packed collagen fibers which were parallel

areolar tissue

collagen and elastic fibers are loose; fibroblasts scattered

-function: protection

adipose tissue

made of adipose cells (adipocytes) filled with fat; contains many blood vessels

-function: fat storage, insulation

elastic connective tissue

elastic fibers and some fibroblasts between

cartilage

made up of chondrocytes; contains a ground substance made of a jelly-like material

-function: support joints and skeletal system

elastic cartilage connective tissue

many elastic fibers that formed a mesh with chondrocytes

hyaline cartilage connective tissue

chondrocytes in irregular shapes with a glassy look

fibrocartilage connective tissue

visible fibers and large chondrocytes

bone

made of osteocytes; ground substance is made of a rigid material containing calcium

-function: supports body, stores calcium

blood

contains red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

-ground substance is a watery liquid called plasma

-function: transport oxygen and nutrients

muscle tissue

-tissue made up of cells that can contract

-main function: movement and to generate body heat

-voluntary or involuntary

skeletal muscle

-voluntary muscle tissue attached to bone or skin

-long cells with striations and multiple nuclei

cardiac muscle

-involuntary muscle tissue found in heart

-short and branched cells with striations and 1-2 nuclei per cell

smooth muscle

-involuntary muscle tissue found in cells of inner organs (stomach, intestines, kidneys, bladder)

-cells do not have striations, 1 nucleus

nervous tissue

-special tissue that sends and receives nerve impulses

-contains neurons and glial cells

-found in brain, spinal cord, and nerves

neurons

send and receive nerve impulse

-cell body contains nucleus

-dendrites receive message

-axon sends message