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A. reduce the miles driven on personal vehicles
New Urbanism is an example of sustainable urban development. This type of development is intended to
A
reduce the miles driven on personal vehicles
B
increase the need for senior housing
C
increase the need for shopping mall development
D
decrease the density of the urban area
E
reduce the need for mass transit
D. Creation of walkable neighborhoods with mixed-use land and access to public transportation
Which of the following exemplifies a smart-growth approach to urban planning?
A
Construction of wider highways in an effort to lessen congestion
B
Conversion of farmland to housing to encourage migration to suburbs
C
Creation of zoning laws that separate retail space from housing developments
D
Creation of walkable neighborhoods with mixed-use land and access to public transportation
E
Construction of affordable housing in suburban neighborhoods
E. Mixed-use land development in zone 5 of the model
The model above represents zones that are present in many American cities. Which of the following design concepts of urban development is likely to have the most significant impact on the reduction of urban sprawl?
A
Transformation of warehouse space in zone 2 of the model into high-income rental properties
B
Construction of a large single-family housing development in zone 4 of the model
C
Gentrification of older housing in selected neighborhoods in zone 3 of the model
D
Construction of a large shopping mall in zone 1 of the model
E
Mixed-use land development in zone 5 of the model
B. Together they show how land prices rise exponentially closer to the central business district.
Which of the following best explains what the concentric zone model and bid-rent curve illustrate about patterns of urban areas?
A
Together they show how housing prices rise exponentially in rural areas.
B
Together they show how land prices rise exponentially closer to the central business district.
C
Together they show how rents for apartments drop precipitously closer to the central business district.
D
Together they show how rents for agricultural land rise exponentially farther from cities.
E
Together they show how rents for commercial office space rise exponentially on the urban periphery.
D. The greatest percentage growth in population occurred in counties adjacent to the three largest metropolitan areas, indicating continued suburbanization.
The map above shows percent change in population for counties in Texas from the 2000 to the 2010 census. The three largest metropolitan areas are Dallas-Fort Worth (Tarrant and Dallas Counties), Houston (Harris County), and San Antonio (Bexar County). Which of the following statements best explains urban growth in the period from 2000 to 2010 ?
A
Population in the extreme western counties in Texas remained stable with little growth or decline during the 2000-2010 period, indicating a low birth rate.
B
The greatest percentage growth in population occurred in locations in central Texas during the 2000-2010 period, indicating a trend of city residents moving to rural areas.
C
All of the counties surrounding the major metropolitan areas experienced negative growth in the 2000-2010 period, indicating the process of deindustrialization.
D
The greatest percentage growth in population occurred in counties adjacent to the three largest metropolitan areas, indicating continued suburbanization.
E
There has been a steady increase in population growth for all counties in the extreme southeastern coastal area, indicating the popularity of coastal living.
A. A census tract map of each city and the surrounding counties showing the difference in population density over a ten-year period
The map shows urbanized areas. Which of the following additional types of quantitative data will be most helpful to a geographer analyzing expansion of the urbanized areas shown on the map?
A
A census tract map of each city and the surrounding counties showing the difference in population density over a ten-year period
B
A census tract map of each city and the surrounding counties showing the difference in household incomes over a ten-year period
C
A census tract map of each city and the surrounding counties showing the average age from the most recent ten-year census
D
A county map of each state showing total population from the most recent ten-year census
E
A county map of each state showing the change in average number of people per household from the most recent ten-year census
E. To build modern, planned cities and administrative centers
Which of the following best explains why countries such as Brazil, Burma (Myanmar), Kazakhstan, and Nigeria would construct a new capital city in a different location from the old capital city?
A
To attract world trade to a new site
B
To distance the new capital cities from the countries' colonial histories
C
To be better protected from foreign invasion
D
To be better situated along transportation networks
E
To build modern, planned cities and administrative centers
B. These port cities were centers of trade, serving as links in terms of capital and labor mobility.
Which of the following similarities best explains why cities such as Venice, Amsterdam, Hamburg, London, and Marseilles were early front-runners in urban development in Western Europe?
A
These cities were early hearths of domestication, functioning as centers of agricultural production.
B
These port cities were centers of trade, serving as links in terms of capital and labor mobility.
C
These cities were early adopters of sustainable design principles, providing an example for other cities.
D
These industrial cities were centers of manufacturing, supplying Western Europe with new technology.
E
These cities were hubs of population growth, rapidly expanding to become the first megacities.
A. The development of cities in the region was influenced by the abundance of deep-water harbors and waterfalls where the flat coastal plains met higher lands.
Which site factor best explains the linear pattern of urbanized areas extending between Washington, D.C., Philadelphia, New York, and Boston?
A
The development of cities in the region was influenced by the abundance of deep-water harbors and waterfalls where the flat coastal plains met higher lands.
B
The development of urbanized areas in the region was influenced by the ability to easily transport goods between coastal areas and the interior of the country.
C
The growth of cities in the region was influenced by the accessibility of raw materials and markets through rivers and canals.
D
The development of urbanized areas in the region was influenced by growing trade networks between Europe, the Caribbean, and North America.
E
The growth of urbanized areas in the region was influenced by many cities achieving dominance as political, financial, and informational capitals.
A. Southeast Asian city model
Which of the following models best represents an old colonial port zone and its surrounding commercial districts?
A
Southeast Asian city model
B
Galactic city model
C
Islamic city model
D
Latin American city model
E
Multiple nuclei model
D. easily incorporates construction of a new airport on the urban periphery
An advantage of the Harris and Ullman multiple nuclei model over the Burgess concentric zone model and the Hoyt sector model of internal city structure is that the multiple nuclei model
A
easily incorporates depiction of linear and areal physical relief features
B
allows for the central business district to be situated in an edge city
C
is also applicable to rural areas beyond the urban periphery
D
easily incorporates construction of a new airport on the urban periphery
E
has a monocentric focus that limits the inclusion of urban sprawl
A. It depicts exurban nodes.
The galactic city model was developed in response to the growth of suburbs and the need for a more complex model than the sector and concentric zone models. Which of the following is a strength of the galactic city model?
A
It depicts exurban nodes.
B
It depicts a central business district.
C
It depicts early-twentieth-century industrial cities.
D
It is based on the location of an international airport.
E
It is based on the decrease of urban sprawl.
E. The model does not show the cost-to-distance effects of multiple suburban central business districts and the pattern of residential areas that surround them.
Based on a comparison of the zones in the model shown, which of the following best explains how the model is limited in its representation of present-day urban land-use patterns?
A
The model does not account for the prices of agricultural land on the urban periphery, where land prices continue to decline.
B
The model does not show that taller buildings constructed in the central business district are a result of increased land costs.
C
The model does not indicate that land for apartment buildings is more expensive than land for single-family homes.
D
The model does not account for the existence of suburbs composed of single-family homes where the housing structure is more expensive than the land it is built on.
E
The model does not show the cost-to-distance effects of multiple suburban central business districts and the pattern of residential areas that surround them.
D. A cycle of rapid economic development and real estate investment
The photograph above shows high-density residential housing built in the early 2000s in Henderson, Nevada, a suburb of Las Vegas, developed to accommodate large increases in population in the area. Which of the following best explains the growth in population and housing shown in the image and the census data?
A
The growth brought on by resource extraction and industrialization
B
The impacts of deindustrialization in other Sun Belt-region cities
C
A period of immigration from southern Europe and eastern Europe
D
A cycle of rapid economic development and real estate investment
E
A phase of water-resource and hydroelectric-power development
C. The lower cost of land farther from the CBD makes it affordable to build single-family homes in zones 4 and 5 for middle-income and high-income residents who desire to move into less crowded areas.
Which of the following statements explains the cost and distance relationship illustrated in the model in relation to the urban area's residential patterns?
A
Since land is more expensive in the suburbs, wealthier families build larger single-family homes in zone 5 in areas that provide amenities such as private schools for their children.
B
Land is cheaper near the central business district (CBD), resulting in the construction of low-income apartments and giving low-income residents access to the amenities of the CBD.
C
The lower cost of land farther from the CBD makes it affordable to build single-family homes in zones 4 and 5 for middle-income and high-income residents who desire to move into less crowded areas.
D
People do not live in the CBD because of the traffic congestion, high cost of land, and lack of amenities such as museums and restaurants.
E
Population density increases with the distance from the CBD as land prices decrease, allowing residents of all income levels to move farther away from zone 2.
B. are linked globally in ways that transcend national political boundaries
The presence of media hubs, coalitions focusing on specific environmental challenges, and headquarters for multinational corporations in major cities help explain how such cities
A
avoid participation in global processes and decision making
B
are linked globally in ways that transcend national political boundaries
C
are isolated and dependent on national political boundaries for security
D
preserve cultural heritage and contribute to increasing isolation
E
generate individual wealth and drive economic development within cities boundaries
E. Chinatown and the United Nations being located in New York City
Which of the following best illustrates how the world cities in the table are connected globally in ways that transcend national borders?
A
Tokyo developing into one of the largest megacities
B
London building a new financial district
C
London and Tokyo being seats of national governments
D
New York City and Tokyo being located in coastal environments
E
Chinatown and the United Nations being located in New York City
A. The top ten world cities have a significant impact on the international economy and are important drivers of globalization.
Which of the following statements best explains how the world cities listed in the table function within the world's urban hierarchy?
A
The top ten world cities have a significant impact on the international economy and are important drivers of globalization.
B
The cities with larger populations are the biggest drivers of global innovation.
C
The cities with smaller populations can be expected to experience the fastest rates of population growth within the next several decades.
D
The top ten world cities offer a wide array of services, but these services are restricted to local populations.
E
The top ten world cities are diminishing in financial and cultural significance due to the process of globalization.
A. Light-rail is integrated with fast commuter railroad networks and subways and extends out to multiple suburbs.
With regard to environmental sustainability, which of the following explains an advantage of urban light-rail networks in Europe and East Asia compared to most light-rail systems in United States cities?
A
Light-rail is integrated with fast commuter railroad networks and subways and extends out to multiple suburbs.
B
Light-rail networks connect locations in downtown central business districts.
C
Light-rail stations tend to be simple boarding platforms that do not have parking areas.
D
Light-rail lines tend to lack a large central train terminal for passengers to transfer between trains headed in different directions.
E
Light-rail lines often work on the honor system where a pass or permit is used to ride the train and there may be random ticket checks.
C. Reduce the ecological footprint of cities and reduce the air pollution created by vehicle exhaust
Many medium-sized metropolitan areas such as Minneapolis-Saint Paul, Minnesota, or Charlotte, North Carolina, have added light-rail train systems to their public-transit networks. Which of the following best explains the goals of light-rail projects?
A
Reduce highway accident numbers due to unsafe driving and outdated, less-safe vehicles
B
Protect wetlands and local lakes from water pollution caused by industrial waste discharge
C
Reduce the ecological footprint of cities and reduce the air pollution created by vehicle exhaust
D
Redevelop urban brownfields and promote farmland protection policies that reduce urban sprawl
E
Plan for sustainable residential zoning and establish an urban-growth boundary around cities
E. reduction in carbon emissions
Transit-oriented development in Southeast Asian cities is an innovative strategy to minimize crippling traffic jams. One aspect of transit-oriented development is the use of dedicated rapid-transit bus lanes to more efficiently connect residential neighborhoods with activity nodes. An added benefit of this strategy that would appeal to advocates of sustainable city-development programs is the
A
lowering of fertility rates
B
stimulation of urban sprawl
C
influx of rural-to-urban migrants
D
increase in profits for bus operators
E
reduction in carbon emissions
C. Urban growth in Midwestern cities such as Chicago during the Industrial Era, where suburban growth rings surrounded a single central business district with higher land prices
Based on a comparison of commercial space and residential housing, the Burgess concentric zone model shown best represents which of the following patterns?
A
Urban land use in large Canadian cities with service and technology economies, where specialized suburban central business districts with higher land prices are found on the urban periphery
B
Mixed-use urban development in East Coast cities such as New York City with service and technology economies, where residential gentrification occurs near the central business district in areas with lower land prices
C
Urban growth in Midwestern cities such as Chicago during the Industrial Era, where suburban growth rings surrounded a single central business district with higher land prices
D
High-income housing within West Coast cities during the late 1800s, because the model was based on ethnic neighborhoods in San Francisco that formed distinct sectors in areas with higher land prices
E
Suburban growth in Southeastern cities in the late twentieth century, because the model was based on Atlanta where gated residential communities are found on the urban periphery in areas with lower land prices
B. Urban areas such as the San Francisco Bay area, where there are multiple centers of employment and multiple areas of high-income residences
Comparing the patterns of commercial space and residential space, which of the following examples is the weakest fit for the Burgess concentric zone model?
A
Urban areas such as London that developed before the Industrial Revolution, where a medieval city center is surrounded by increasingly expensive housing
B
Urban areas such as the San Francisco Bay area, where there are multiple centers of employment and multiple areas of high-income residences
C
Cities such as Philadelphia, where residents may be willing to commute long distances in order to live in lower-cost housing
D
Twin cities such as Minneapolis-Saint Paul, where two Industrial-Era central business districts are surrounded by increasingly expensive housing
E
Cities such as Toronto, where waves of historical migrations have prompted the expansion of high-income housing on the outer edges of the city
B
large, local supplies of coal and intersecting rivers
The urbanization and growth of the steel producing centers of the Ruhr Valley in Germany and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in the United States can best be explained by the site characteristics of
A
large, local supplies of iron ore and intersecting railroads
B
large, local supplies of coal and intersecting rivers
C
large, local supplies of food and intersecting highways
D
large, local supplies of skilled labor and seaports
E
large, local supplies of educated workers and university growth poles
C. The redevelopment of brownfields enables the reuse of abandoned areas that are often located in urban centers and have existing infrastructure.
Which of the following is the most likely reason for cities to invest in remediation and redevelopment of brownfields?
A
The redevelopment of brownfields in city centers complements the development of greenbelts surrounding urban areas.
B
Contaminated brownfields on the outskirts of urban areas often restrict the economic development of edge cities.
C
The redevelopment of brownfields enables the reuse of abandoned areas that are often located in urban centers and have existing infrastructure.
D
Brownfield redevelopment reduces the city's ecological footprint and improves urban air quality.
E
The remediation of brownfields results in open green spaces within cities, facilitating urban agriculture
C
Edge cities developed rapidly in the Southwest region of the United States because large numbers of people migrated from the Midwest for the warmer climate and for the jobs resulting when corporations relocated for financial incentives.
Which of the following best explains the rapid development of edge cities in the United States Southwest in comparison with other regions of the United States?
A
Edge cities have not developed in the Midwest region of the United States because residents abandoned the suburbs and moved into the inner cities for less-expensive housing and for jobs that required less commuting.
B
Edge cities have developed in the Southeast region of the United States, but growth is limited because the government has zoned out commercial buildings at the edge of suburban areas.
C
Edge cities developed rapidly in the Southwest region of the United States because large numbers of people migrated from the Midwest for the warmer climate and for the jobs resulting when corporations relocated for financial incentives.
D
Edge cities have not developed in the Mountain West region of the United States because the rugged terrain cannot accommodate large-scale building projects necessary for edge city development; residential development is limited to small villages and remote cabins.
E
Edge cities have not developed in the New England region of the Unites States because the severe winter weather makes it too expensive to heat large commercial buildings.
B
They are financially and politically connected to global markets and drive the process of globalization.
Which of the following is a primary characteristic of world cities?
A
They are capital cities in their respective countries and centers of political power.
B
They are financially and politically connected to global markets and drive the process of globalization.
C
They are located in the interiors of their respective countries and require sophisticated transportation networks.
D
They have political dominance within their respective regions and are former centers of colonial power.
E
They have historical significance on a global scale and are located within early cultural hearths.
C
Western Europe urbanized before South America because industrialization occurred first in Europe.
Most countries within western Europe and South America are highly urbanized. Which of the following statements best explains an important similarity or difference in the urbanization of these regions?
A
Economic development occurred at the same rate in western Europe and South America, leading to similar levels of urbanization.
B
Most countries in western Europe and South America are democracies, a form of government generally associated with urbanized societies.
C
Western Europe urbanized before South America because industrialization occurred first in Europe.
D
South America and western Europe share similar population growth rates, leading to comparable levels of urbanization.
E
South America urbanized before western Europe because South America had large supplies of natural resources.
E
Seoul serves as the economic, political, and cultural center of South Korea.
Seoul is the largest city in South Korea, with a 2018 population of approximately 10 million. Busan is the second-largest city in South Korea, with a 2018 population of approximately 3.5 million.
Which of the following best describes the impact of this population difference?
A
Seoul exports more goods to Busan than to any other city.
B
Seoul is centrally located within South Korea, making it easily accessible for all residents of South Korea.
C
South Korea is experiencing rapid population growth because of a disproportionately high total fertility rate in the Seoul metropolitan area.
D
Hierarchical diffusion causes cultural practices and innovations to spread from smaller cities such as Busan to Seoul.
E
Seoul serves as the economic, political, and cultural center of South Korea.
D
The economic growth and development of large metropolitan areas relates closely to the expansion of effective public transportation infrastructure.
Which of the following is an infrastructure trend supported by the data shown in the table?
A
Despite the country's rapid economic growth, urban Chinese residents are unlikely to own cars as a means of transportation.
B
Automobile parts and assembly factories are declining in number within the major industrialized countries of the world.
C
The social development and growth of large metropolitan areas is limited in places where urban travel is limited to subways.
D
The economic growth and development of large metropolitan areas relates closely to the expansion of effective public transportation infrastructure.
E
The political development and growth of large metropolitan areas is dependent mainly upon the number of access points to the city's transportation network.
B
Income levels and land values increase toward the center of the city and along the spine.
Compared to the patterns shown in urban models of the United States and Canada, the Latin American city model best explains which of the following patterns?
A
Manufacturing districts are adjacent to the center of the city.
B
Income levels and land values increase toward the center of the city and along the spine.
C
Plazas are increasingly being built along peripheral areas.
D
Squatter settlements are rapidly shrinking in the periphery and increasing in the central city.
E
Gentrification has greatly improved housing along peripheral areas.
A
Rural-to-urban migrants have to construct their own housing out of the available materials and on open land often found on the urban periphery.
Based on the pattern shown in the model, which of the following is the most likely process by which rural-to-urban migrants in Latin America acquire housing upon arriving in a city?
A
Rural-to-urban migrants have to construct their own housing out of the available materials and on open land often found on the urban periphery.
B
Rural-to-urban migrants must apply for government public housing assistance and receive an available downtown apartment from a local housing authority.
C
Rural-to-urban migrants have to find businesses to sponsor them and provide company housing near their industrial facilities.
D
Rural-to-urban migrants have to make inquiries with landlords and at apartment complexes to find available housing units for rent in the city center.
E
Rural-to-urban migrants must have family with whom they can stay temporarily and who will provide them with a link to affordable housing in the city.
