Psychology: Maslow's Hierarchy, Mental Health, Personality, and Psychological Disorders

Flashcards on psychology concepts from Maslow's hierarchy of needs, mental and emotional health factors, the Big Five personality traits, and major psychological disorders.

Maslow's Motivation Model

A hierarchy model representing human motivations in the shape of a pyramid, ranging from fundamental physiological needs at the bottom to self-actualization and self-transcendence at the top.

Deficiency Needs (d-needs)

The most fundamental four layers of Maslow's pyramid—physiological, security, friendship and love, and esteem—whose lack of fulfillment creates tension and anxiety.

Physiological Needs

The physical requirements for human survival, such as air, water, food, clothing, and shelter, which are considered the most important and must be met first for the body to function properly.

Safety Needs

The second level of human needs that dominates behavior once physiological needs are met, encompassing personal security, financial security, health and well-being, and safety nets against illness or accidents.

Social Belonging Needs

The third level of human needs involving interpersonal feelings of belongingness and acceptance within large or small social groups, such as family, intimate partners, friendships, and professional organizations.

Lower Version of Esteem Needs

The aspect of esteem needs focused on receiving respect from others, which includes a desire for status, recognition, fame, prestige, and attention.

Higher Version of Esteem Needs

The aspect of esteem needs focused on self-respect and inner competence established through experience, encompassing strength, competence, mastery, self-confidence, independence, and freedom.

Self-Actualization

The level of need describing a person's desire to realize their full potential and accomplish everything that one can become.

Self-Transcendence

The highest level of human consciousness and motivation, in which the self finds actualization through giving itself to a higher goal outside oneself, such as altruism and spirituality.

Sigmund Freud's Definition of Health

A definition widely accepted by mental health specialists that defines health as the capacity "to work and to love".

Psychoneuroimmunology

The examination of the interactions among psychological, behavioral, and social factors with immunological and neuroendocrine outcomes.

Openness to Experience

A Big Five personality trait reflecting intellectual curiosity, creativity, imaginative thinking, and a personal preference for novelty and variety over routine.

Conscientiousness

A Big Five personality trait characterized by a tendency to be organized, dependable, self-disciplined, dutiful, achievement-oriented, and preferred planned behavior.

Extraversion

A Big Five personality trait characterized by energy, positive emotions, assertiveness, sociability, talkativeness, and seeking stimulation in the company of others.

Agreeableness

A Big Five personality trait reflecting a tendency to be compassionate, cooperative, trusting, helpful, and well-tempered rather than suspicious or antagonistic toward others.

Neuroticism

A Big Five personality trait referring to the degree of emotional stability and impulse control, characterized by the tendency to easily experience unpleasant emotions such as anger, anxiety, and depression.

Major Depressive Disorder

A debilitating depressive disorder diagnosed when an individual experiences five or more depressive symptoms nearly every day during a two-week period.

Dysthymic Disorder

A less severe but more chronic depressive disorder where a depressed mood along with at least two other symptoms persist for at least two years in adults or one year in children and adolescents.

Bipolar Disorder

A depressive disorder characterized by dramatic shifts in mood and energy, alternating between major depressive episodes and periods of mania.

Panic Disorder

An anxiety disorder characterized by sudden, unpredictable attacks of terror accompanied by physical symptoms such as a pounding heart, sweatiness, dizziness, nausea, and an overwhelming fear of losing control or dying.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

An anxiety disorder characterized by persistent, upsetting thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors or rituals (compulsions) performed to temporarily control the anxiety caused by those thoughts.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

An anxiety disorder that develops after experiencing or witnessing a terrifying ordeal involving physical harm or threat of harm, characterized by flashbacks, emotional numbness, and symptoms lasting more than one month.

Social Phobia

An anxiety disorder diagnosed when individuals experience intense, persistent, and chronic fear of being watched, judged by others, or doing something that will cause embarrassment in social situations.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

An anxiety disorder marked by exaggerated, excessive worry and tension about everyday problems for at least six months, even when there is little to provoke it.

Borderline Personality Disorder

A serious mental illness marked by unstable moods, reckless behavior, and volatile relationships, diagnosed in the DSM-IV-TR by displaying an enduring pattern of at least five specified symptoms.

Schizophrenia

A complex mental illness affecting approximately $1\%$ of the adult U.S. population, requiring at least two symptoms (such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, or negative symptoms) present during a significant portion of a one-month period for diagnosis.

Stigmas

Negative stereotypes about groups of people based on false preconceptions, which can lead to social discrimination and prevent individuals with mental illness from seeking treatment.