Unit 5.3- Clinical

What components (4 D's) need to be presented to diagnose someone with a psychological disorder?

Deviant, Distress, Dysfunctional, Dangerous

Psychological disorder

deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors

Diathesis Stress Model

Looks at the combination of genetic predisposition and stress in relation to the likeliness of developing a mental disorder. Having high stress and a high genetic predisposition increases the likelihood for developing a mental illness.

Medical Model

The concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases cured often through treatment in the hospital.

Biopsychosocial Perspective

All behavior is the result of nature vs. nurture. (Nature: genetic and physiological factors. Nurture: past and present experiences).

DSM-5 (Classification Model)

A widely used system for classifying psychological disorders and estimating how often they occur. It defines who is eligible for treatment and medications.

Psychodynamic

Focus on unconscious thoughts and experiences, often developed during childhood

Humanistic

Focus on a lack of social support and being unable to fulfill one's potential

Behavioral

Focus on maladaptive learned associations between or among responses to stimuli

Cognitive

Focus on maladaptive thoughts, beliefs, attitudes, or emotions.

Biological

Focus on psychological or genetic issues.

Evolutionary

Focus on behaviors and mental processes that reduce the likelihood of survival.

Sociocultural

Focus on maladaptive social and cultural relationships and dynamics.

Eclectic approach

Most psychologists employ and eclectic approach when diagnosing and treating clients.

Anxiety

Feels like a fear, but without a specific cause

Fear

Reaction to a real stress

Stress

The response to the situation

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Persistent anxiety, chronic, excessive and global. Symptoms: worried, fearful, inability to relax, etc.

Panic Disorder

Abrupt attack of anxiety that is not associated with an event. Symptoms: strong physical affects, choking, pounding heart, nausea, etc. The length of the panic attack is varying and can be repeated with stress.

Specific Phobias

Phobias specific to certain objects and situations. Ex: spiders (arachnophobia), heights, etc.

Agoraphobia

Irritable fear of being in public places or being in a situation away from safety, fear of leaving comfort zone because leaving causes anxiety and panic attacks. (Also known as the fear of open spaces). (Most common phobia).

Social Anxiety Disorder

Persistent fear of social situations, people experience extreme discomfort and self consciousness (fear of doing something embarrassing).

OCD

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Excessive thoughts (obsessions) that lead to repetitive behaviors (compulsions).

Overactive frontal lobe and an imbalance of serotonin

Obsession

Persistent, repetitive, unwelcome thoughts or images that create anxiety

Compulsion

The urgent need to engage in certain rituals to attempt to resolve guilt, anxiety or insecurity

Hoarding

Difficulty discarding possessions regardless of their actual value

PSD/PTSD

Intense and persistent feelings of anxiety and helplessness caused by a physical or psychological traumatic event (haunting memories, nightmares, flashbacks, etc.)

Bipolar cycling

The process of cycling through episodes of mania and depression in bipolar disorder.

Bipolar I disorder

a type of bipolar disorder marked by full manic and major depressive episodes

Bipolar II disorder

a disorder characterized by alternating periods of extremely depressed and mildly elevated moods

Major Depressive Disorder

A mood disorder in which a person experiences 2 or more weeks with 5 or more symptoms at least one of which must be depressed mood or lost of interest and pleasure. (Chemical imbalance- deficiency of serotonin and norepinephrine).

Persistent Depressive Disorder

Chronic depression that occurs most days and lasts at least 2 years, person can experience a loss in appetite, overeating, insomnia, fatigue, and poor concentration. It is less severe and can clear up on its own because there is no chemical imbalance.

Manic episodes

Mood disorder marked by hyperactive, wildly optimistic state, rapid thoughts, extreme euphoria

Bipolar Disorder

A mood disorder in which a person alternates between hopelessness and depression and an overexcited state of mania. (depression vs. extreme excitement)

Suicide and self injury are most commonly linked with which type of mood disorder?

Major depression

Psychotic Disorders

Irrationality and loss of contact with reality

Delusions

Your cognitive thought process, false beliefs, and disorganized thinking

Persecution

belief that others are out to get them

Grandeur

believing that one is a very powerful or important person

Paranoia

The false belief that one is being harmed by a person or a group of people, exaggerated distrust of others

Hallucinations

Disturbed sensations, false sensory experiences (sight, sound, smell, taste)

Alogia

Poverty of speech (incoherence)

Perseveration

Repetition of a particular response

Neologisms

New words

Clang associations

Association of words based upon sound rather than concepts

Echolalia

Automatic repetitions of vocalizations made by another person (copy cat)

Blunt/flat affect

Little to no emotional tone or outward emotional reaction

Schizophrenia

a long-term mental disorder of a type involving a breakdown in the relation between thought, emotion, and behavior, leading to faulty perception, inappropriate actions and feelings, withdrawal from reality and personal relationships into fantasy and delusion, and a sense of mental fragmentation

Acute schizophrenia

a form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age, frequently occurs in response to an emotionally traumatic event, and has extended recovery periods

Chronic schizophrenia

a form of schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood. As people age, psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten

Catatonic stupor

Person remains motionless for hours or even days in one position

What is the neurotransmitter affected by schizophrenia?

Dopamine

(Excess amount)

Abnormal brain parts (Schizophrenia)

Reduction of gray matter over time

Enlarged ventricles

Susceptibility loci (chromosomal region): genetic mutation that increases the likelihood of a disease or disorder

Environmental factor and maternal virus (Schizophrenia)

Baby has a stronger chance of getting schizophrenia if mother has a mid pregnancy viral infection that impairs fetal brain development or if there is a flu epidemic in a country while the mother is pregnant

Genetic Factors (Schizophrenia)

Adopted children have an elevated chance if biological parents have the disorder, if sibling or parent has disorder you become more susceptible to schizophrenia and its more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia if you are an identical twin

Paternal Age

The older the father at the time of conception the more likely the child will have schizophrenia

Dissociative Amnesia

Inability to recall time

Dissociative Amnesia with Fugue

Unexpected travel away from home (most likely after something stressful), confusion over personal identity

Dissociative Identity Disorder

Person exhibits two or more distinct and altering personalities

What does the psychoanalytic perspective believe causes DID?

Repression, split to cope so that other personality doesn't have to take the stress or trauma

Dissociative Disorders

Disturbances or changes in memory, consciousness, or identity due to psychological factors

Personality Disorders

Behavior that is deviant from one's culture; is pervasive and inflexible; begins in adolescence or early adulthood; is stable over time; and leads to personal distress or impairment.

Obsessive-Compulsive

Fixation on orderliness, perfection, excessive attention to details, and control

Dependent

Extreme need to be taken care of, leads to fear of separation (clinging behavior)

Avoidant

Withdrawal behaviors, sensitivity to criticism, avoid social interaction, want to be in group but afraid of criticism and failure

Antisocial

Individual shows an inability to live by the rules and laws of society. They lack anxiety and guilt about their behavior, do not care about others, and often need power

Borderline

Individual shows a generalized pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self image, and impulsiveness. Can show sudden changes in mood and can be suicidal

Narcissistic

Person is totally centers on his own needs and feelings while ignoring the needs and feelings of others (you know you're the best, you don't need somebody else's approval)

Histrionic

Tend to overreact to other people and are often perceived as shallow and self centered, issue is attention addiction, looking for approval from others

Schizotypal

Individual is uncomfortable in close relationships, preoccupied with seeing themselves or the world as odd

Schizoid

Individual is generally detached from social relationships, emotional coldness

Paranoid

Individual generally tends to interpret the actions of others as threatening, long standing suspicion, generalized mistrust in others

Anorexia nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by an obstinate and willful refusal to eat, a distorted body image, and an intense fear of being fat

Bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADD/ADHD)

childhood disorder characterized by inattentiveness and/or hyperactive, impulsive behavior

Autism Spectrum Disorder

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors