BIPSY

Behav-int.

What is behavior?

Anything an individual says or does (activity, action, response) — not an outcome.

What is overt behavior?

Observable behavior that can be recorded (actions, gestures, verbal responses).

What is covert behavior?

Internal behaviors within one’s skin (thoughts, feelings, self-talk, planning).

What are the 3 dimensions of behavior?

Frequency (rate), duration, intensity.

What are advantages of labels?

Quick, act as mental shortcuts (heuristics).

What are disadvantages of labels?

Pseudo-explanations and stigma/expectations

What is behavior modification?

The systematic application of learning principles and techniques to improve overt or covert behaviors for daily functioning.

What is applied behavior analysis?

Individual sets their own goals and determines what is meaningful to them.

What is behavior analysis?

The study of the scientific laws that govern behavior.

Q: What are behavior deficits?

Too little of a behavior.

What are behavior excesses?

Too much of a behavior.

Name 3 of the 7 characteristics of behavior.

Measurable, environment-based, specific (others: precise, applied in daily life, based in learning science, accountability).

Who discovered classical conditioning with dogs?

Ivan Pavlov.

Who is considered the “father of behaviorism”?

John Watson.

Who performed the Little Albert experiment?

John Watson.

Who is known as the “mother of behavior therapy”?

A: Mary Cover Jones.

What did Mary Cover Jones study?

Counterconditioning and elimination of a child’s fear reaction.

Who studied operant conditioning and created the Skinner box?

B.F. Skinner.

Who studied observational learning and ran the Bobo doll experiment?

Albert Bandura.

Who emphasized self-actualization and incongruence?

Carl Rogers.

Who created Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)?

Albert Ellis.

Who developed Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)?

Aaron Beck

What are the 5 phases of behavior modification?

Screening/intake, defining target behavior, assessment/baseline, treatment, monitoring/follow-up.

What is indirect assessment?

Using interviews, questionnaires, role playing, or self-monitoring

What is direct assessment?

Observing and recording target behavior.

What are pros/cons of direct assessment?

Pro = most accurate; Con = time consuming, trained observers needed, can’t capture covert behaviors.

What does SMART stand for in goal-setting?

Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, Time-bound.

What is the main difference between classical and operant conditioning?

Classical = involuntary response to stimulus; Operant = voluntary behavior controlled by consequences.

Who is associated with counterconditioning?

Mary Cover Jones.

In operant conditioning, what increases behavior?

Reinforcement.

In operant conditioning, what decreases behavior?

Punishment.

What does “positive” mean in operant conditioning?

Adding something.

What does “negative” mean in operant conditioning?

Taking something away.

What are the 4 steps to test a potential reinforcer?

1) Choose a behavior not followed by reinforcer. 2) Record baseline frequency. 3) Introduce stimulus after behavior across trials. 4) If frequency increases → it’s a reinforcer.

What is the Premack Principle?

Using a high-frequency behavior to reinforce a low-frequency behavior (ex: homework before video games).

What is the response deprivation model?

Restricting access to an activity increases its value as a reinforcer.

What is a token economy?

A behavior modification system where tokens/points are earned and exchanged for rewards.

Give an example of a token economy.

Students earn stars on a chart to trade for extra recess.

What are two strategies to decrease behavior using extinction?

Active ignoring and consistent instructions.

What is a fixed ratio (FR) reinforcement schedule?

Reinforcer given after a set number of responses (high rate, high burnout)

What is a variable ratio (VR) schedule?

Reinforcer after an unpredictable number of responses (high steady response, very resistant to extinction).

Give an example of a variable ratio schedule.

Slot machines, commission sales

What is a fixed interval (FI) schedule?

Reinforcer given after a set time interval (low rate, easily extinguished).

Give an example of a fixed interval schedule.

Paychecks, weekly quizzes.

What is a variable interval (VI) schedule?

Reinforcer given after varying time intervals (low steady response).

Give an example of a variable interval schedule.

Fishing, pop quizzes

Which schedule produces the highest response rate but fastest burnout?

Fixed ratio.

Which schedule is most resistant to extinction?

variable ratio

What’s the difference between interval and duration?

Interval = time between events; Duration = length of the event.

A child cleans their room, and their parent gives them $5.

Positive reinforcement (added money increases cleaning).

A student has a headache and takes medicine, which makes the pain go away.

Negative reinforcement (removing pain increases pill-taking).

A teenager comes home after curfew and their parents take away their phone for a week.

Negative punishment (removing phone decreases breaking curfew).

A student blurts out in class and gets yelled at by the teacher. The student stops blurting out.

Positive punishment (added scolding decreases behavior).

A worker shows up on time and gets praised by their boss. They continue arriving on time.

Positive reinforcement (added praise increases timeliness).

A driver wears a seatbelt to stop the annoying beeping sound in the car.

Negative reinforcement (removing beeping increases seatbelt-wearing).

A child refuses to eat vegetables, so they lose dessert.

Negative punishment (removing dessert decreases refusal).

A dog jumps on the couch, and the owner sprays it with water. Jumping decreases.

Positive punishment (adding spray decreases behavior).

A student studies hard and avoids failing the test.

Negative reinforcement (avoiding bad outcome increases studying).

A teenager is grounded after skipping school. Skipping decreases.

Negative punishment (removing freedom decreases skipping).