Unit 5. EXTERNAL IFNLUENCES

cob2

backbencher (n) /,bæk bentʃə(r)/

(in the house of commons in the UK and in certain other parliaments) a member who sits in the rows of seats at the back, and who does not have an important position in the government or the opposition: nghị sĩ không nắm giữ bất kỳ vị trí quan trọng nào trong chính phủ hoặc phe đối lập

backdown (n) /bæk daʊn/

the act of taking back a demand, an opinion, etc. that other people are strongly opposed to: nhượng bộ

backflip (n) /'bækflɪp/

a complete change of your opinion or decision about something: sự thay đổi hoàn toàn về quan điểm

backpacker (n) /'bækpækə(r)/

a person who travels with a backpack, usually not spending very much money and staying in places that are not expensive: người đi du lịch bụi

backtrack (n) /'bæktræk/

the act of stopping supporting something: ngừng ủng hộ

blatant (adj) /'bleɪtnt/

(of actions that are considered bad) done in an obvious and open way without caring if people are shocked: trắng trợn

bundle (v) /'bʌndl/

to add extra products, services, or pieces of equipment to another product or service and sell them together, so you get the extra product, service, etc. for free or for a cheaper price: gói kèm

commission (n) /kə'mɪʃn/

an official group of people who have been given responsibility to control something, or to find out about something, usually for the government: ủy ban

compromise (n) /'kɒmprəmaɪz/

an agreement made between two people or groups in which each side gives up some of the things they want so that both sides are happy at the end: Sự thỏa hiệp

dump (v) /dʌmp/

to stop using or supporting something: từ bỏ

enact (v) /ɪ'nækt/

to pass a law: ban hành, thông qua (luật)

lobby (n) /'lɒbi/

a group of people who try to influence politicians on a particular issue: nhóm vận động hành lang

offset (v) /'ɒfset/

to use one cost, payment or situation in order to cancel or reduce the effect of another: bù trừ cân đối

recoup (v) /rɪ'kuːp/

to get back an amount of money that you have spent or lost: thu hồi, lấy lại

superannuation (n) /suːpər,ænju'eɪʃn/

a pension that you get, usually from your employer, when you stop working when you are old and that you pay for while you are working: lương hưu

threshold (n) /'θreʃhəʊld/

the level at which something starts to happen or have an effect: ngưỡng, mốc

life expectancy

the average period that a person may expect to live: Tuổi thọ trung bình

consumer spending

the total money spent on final goods and services by individuals and households: Chi tiêu của người tiêu dùng

waste disposal

the collection, processing, and recycling or deposition of the waste materials of human society: Xử lý chất thải

carbon credits

a permit that allows a company that holds it to emit a certain amount of carbon dioxide or other greenhouse gases: Tín chỉ carbon

pressure groups

an organized group that seeks to influence the policies or actions of government: Nhóm tạo áp lực

global warming

a gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth's atmosphere: Sự nóng lên toàn cầu

communications technology

electronic systems used for communication between individuals or groups: Công nghệ truyền thông

industrial emissions

the discharge of pollutants into the atmosphere from industrial activities: Khí thải công nghiệp

protagonist (n)

an active supporter of a policy or movement: người ủng hộ tích cực

health consciousness

the awareness of one's health and how lifestyle choices affect it: ý thức về sức khỏe

buying habits

the tendencies of customers in purchasing products and services: thói quen mua sắm

corruption

dishonest or fraudulent conduct by those in power, typically involving bribery: tham nhũng

bureaucracy

a system of government or management in which most of the important decisions are taken by state officials rather than by elected representatives: quan liêu (hệ thống quản lý công quyền quá phức tạp, gây cản trở công việc)

depression

a long and severe recession in an economy or market / a mental state of sadness: sự suy thoái kinh tế / chứng trầm cảm

inflation

a general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money: lạm phát

green issues

problems and matters relating to the protection of the environment: các vấn đề môi trường

pollution

the presence in or introduction into the environment of a substance or thing that has harmful or poisonous effects: ô nhiễm

Information & Communication Technology (ICT)

technologies that provide access to information through telecommunications: Công nghệ thông tin và truyền thông

Research and Development (R&D)

investigative activities a business conducts to improve existing products and procedures or to lead to the development of new ones: Nghiên cứu và phát triển