LESSON 1: Text as Connected Discourse Reading & Writing Skills, 3rd Quarter 11 || STEM || Second Semester
Linguistics
The scientific study of human language
Linguistics
Concerned with how language is formed and how it works
Linguistics
Concerned with the relationship between language and cognition, society, and history
Language
A complex structure built up of smaller units connected to each other
Sentences
Largest unit in linguistics that shows grammatical structure
Sentences
Made by combining the correct words based on the rules of grammar
Discourse
A unit larger than sentences
Has a structural pattern that holds more meaning than a sentence
Discourse
Source of information about people’s experiences, attitudes, feelings, beliefs, and practices
Discourse
Made up of utterances having the property of coherence
Text
Made of signs and symbols systematized by grammar and organized in logical language to properly present the intended message
Text
Units primarily concerned with structuring and conveying complex information
Usually written, can be anything that is documented
Text
Made up of sentences having the property of grammatical cohesion
Text
structured to convey complex information
structurally cohesive
relies on context and connection to be interpreted
Structural Cohesion
One of the formal clues that tells us that a sequence of sentences is a text
Cameron and Panovic
He notes that Structural Cohesion is what is lost or at least obscured when the order of the sentence is reversed
Structural Cohesion
what is lost or at least obscured when the order of the sentence is reverse
Morphology
The study of words, how they are formed, and their relationship to other words in the same language
Morpheme
The smallest grammatical unit within the language
morphe, shape/form
Morpheme comes from the greek word ___ which means?
Free Morpheme
Bound Morpheme
Types of Morphemes
Free Morpheme
Carry a semantic meaning on its own and does not require a prefix/suffix to give it meaning
Bound Morpheme
Cannot stand alone but must be bound to other morphemes like -s, un-, and -y
Derivational Morphemes
Inflectional Morphemes
Subtypes of Bound Morpheme
Derivational Morphemes
Change the meaning or the part of speech of a word
(ex: un- which gives a negative meaning of the word)
Inflectional Morphemes
Add grammatical information to the word
(ex: add -s to make it plural)
Context Clues
Words, phrases, and sentences that surround an unfamiliar word and help recognize the meaning of an unknown word
Reading
A cognitive process of decoding symbols to derive meaning from a text
Reading
Allows to access information, ideas, and stories that can broaden our understanding of the world
Reading
Improves understanding of grammar, vocabulary, and sentence structure
Skimming
Scanning
Intensive Reading
Extensive Reading
Types of Reading Technique
Skimming
Sometimes referred to as gist reading, means going through the text to grasp the main idea
Scanning
The reader scuttles across sentences to get a particular piece of information
Scanning
The technique of rejecting or ignoring irrelevant information from the text to locate a specific piece of information
Intensive Reading
Involves close reading that aims at the accuracy of comprehension
Extensive Reading
Lays more emphasis on fluency and less on accuracy
Extensive Reading
Involves reading for pleasure and is more of an out-of-classroom activity
Writing
Any conventional system of marks or signs that represents the utterances of a language
Renders language visible
Writing
Process of using symbols, letters, punctuation, and spaces to communicate thoughts and ideas in a readable form
Writing
A medium of human communication that involves the representation of a language with symbols.
Patterns of Development
Logical arrangement of ideas which helps follow ideas easily and understand a text better.
Narration
A sequence of events, not necessarily in chronological orde, told by a narrator, happening in a particular place at a particular time
Narration
Revisiting a world based on the author’s memory
Definition
Helps clarify and explain concepts by answering the question “What does it mean?”
Definition
Explains information through the use of illustrations, examples, and desccriptions
Exemplification
Presents the general statement and then provides specific and concrete examples to expound on the main idea
Exemplification
Used to provide an example of something
Description
Provides details on the idea by using either a sensory or spatial pattern
Sensory Pattern
Through this, ideas are arranged based on one or all of the five senses
Spatial Pattern
Ideas are arranged by location or physical space
Comparison and Contrast
Organizes ideas based on how the events, places, people, things, and concepts are similar to or different from one another
two ways on how ideas can be arranged are separately and side-by-side
Classification and Division
Organizes ideas into categories or divisions based on criteria and standards
Classification and Division
Used when classifying people, things, places, and other tiems
Cause and Effect
Organizes details based on the cause, the reason, and the result or consequences of a certain phenomenon
Problem-Solution
Organizes ideas into problems and proposed solutions
problem
usually includes the what, who, when, where, why and how of the problem.
solution
presents the major effects of the problem and the possible solutions to address it.
Persuasion
Organizes ideas to show how a set of evidence leads to a logical conclusion or argument
Persuasion
Presents the issue, position, and the supporting evidence that support the position.
Organization
Coherence and Cohesion
Language Use
Mechanics
Properties of a Well-Written Text
Organization
About the arrangement of ideas, incident, details, evience, and order
Organization
Achieved when ideas are logically and accurately arranged
Coherence and Cohesion
Achieved when ideas are logically, clearly, and smoothly linked to one another
Coherence
Occurs when ideas are connected at the conceptual level or idea level
Seen through well-defended arguments and organied points
Cohesion
The connection of ideas at the sentence level
Can readily be seen in a text through the smooth flow of the sentences and the connection of ideas
Language Use
Refers to the acceptable style of language for a particular form of text
Mechanics
Refers to the conventions of writing which includes capitalization, punctuation, spelling, numerals, abbv, acronyms, and contractions
use clear and concise sentences
avoid redundancies, wordiness, cliches, high falutin language
avoid excessive use of “there” and “it” strutures
use precise vocabulary
be consistent with your pronoun’s POV
avoid sexist language
use appropriate level of formality
effective language use is achieved by:
always use standard english
avoid contractions
avoid exclamation marks unless they are part of a direct quotation
mention the full name in first mention. thereafter, use the abbreviation
numbers from 0-10 should be spelled out while higher than 10 should be in figured
citations are used in academic and formal texts
in academic and more formal texts, the following should be observed:
Claims
central arguent or thesis statement of the text
what the writer tries to prove in the text by providing details, explanations, and other types of evidence
Claims
most important part of the text, usually found in the introduction or in the few paragraphs of the text
a sentence that summarizes the most important thing that the writer wants to say as a result of his/her thinking, reading, or writing
A claim should be argumentative and debatable
A claim should be specific and focused
A claim should be interesting and engaging
A claim should be logical
Characteristics of a good claim
Claim of Fact
Claim of Value
Claim of Policy
Types of Claims
Claim of Fact
makes an assertion about something that can be proved or disproved with factual evidence
usually answers a “what?” question
Claim of Fact
Is the issue related to a possible cause or effect?
Is this statement strue or false? How can its truthfulness be verified?
Is this claim controversial or debatable?
Claim of Value
argues that something is good or bad. or right or wrong, or that one thing is better than another thing
attempts to explain how problems, situations, or issues ought to be valued
Claim of Value
Which claims endorse what is good or right?
What qualities should be considered good? Why?
Which of these calues contend with others? Which ones are more important, and why?
Claim of Policy
argues that certain conditions should exist, or that something should or should not be done, in order to solve a problem
defend actionably plans, usually answer “how?” questions
Claim of Policy
Does the claim suggest a specific remedy to solve the problem?
Is the policy clearly defined?
Is the need for the policy established?
Is the policy the best one available? For whom?
How does the policy solve the problem?