Human Growth and Development Exam 4 -- Middle Childhood

middle childhood

period between early childhood and adolescence, approximately from 6-11 years

healthiest

from ages 6 to 11 are considered the ____________ years of the lifespan because it is the time when fatal diseases or accidents are rare; safeguarded by environmental factors and additional protection from education about risks and vaccines

under 1 year

what age group is the exception to death rate increasing with age

the difference in death rates between males and females

what becomes less with age

2-3 in

how much taller do children get per year between 6 and 11

legs

during this stage, where does the height growth mainly come from

8 lbs

how much weight do children gain per year between 6 and 11

slightly slowed down

compared to early childhood, how does middle childhood compare in height growth

increases much more due to an increase in BMI from muscles and fat

compared to early childhood, how does middle childhood compare in weight growth

2400 kcal

what is the average caloric intake for this age range

1/4

nutritionists believe that breakfast should compose ________ of daily caloric intake in this age group

21

what percentage of children aged 6-11 were obese in 2023

asthma, blood pressure, cholesterol

childhood overweight correlates with ___________, high _________ ___________, and elevated ___________

genes

childhood obesity factor: passed down from family

socioeconomic status

childhood obesity factor: cannot afford healthy food, doesn't have ability to transport, may live in food desert

parents

childhood obesity factor: may not have a role model at home for activity

policies

childhood obesity factor: regulations set by government or larger entity (schools can only sell certain foods)

60

children should do _______ minutes or more of physical activity each day

physical activity

what improves physical and mental health in children

blood flow, neurotransmitters, selective, reaction time

physical activity in children helps with ________ _______ to the brain, release of _____________ to boost mood, increase ___________ attention, and improve ___________ _________

screen time

factor preventing play: easier for parents, used if it is not safe outdoors

decreased neighborhood play

factor preventing play: occurs because it is not always safe outside for kids to interact by themselves

reduced PE

factory preventing play: school budget cuts have led to this, causing decreased activity during the school day

presidential youth fitness program

A comprehensive school-based program that promotes health and regular physical activity for America's youth.

egocentrism

what cognitively wanes during middle childhood because theory of mind is developed

mental operations

actions that can be performed on objects or ideas

classification

organization of things into groups according to some characteristic that they have in common

8

by what age can children classify and understand the relationship between class and subclass

seriation

includes knowledge that things can be arranged in logical series (age, size, color)

transitivity

the relations among elements in a series (if a>b and b>c then a>c)

class inclusion

children in preoperational stage do not understand what

under 2 years

memory age range: memory is implicit, triggered by sights and sounds due to them remembering actions and routines that involve them

2-5 years

memory age range: words are used to encode and retrieve memory; explicit memory begins and children can remember things by rote without truly understanding them

5-7 years

memory age range: children realize that some things should be remembered, begin using rehearsal and repetition

7-9 years

memory age range: children use visual clues and auditory hints and benefit from the organization of things to remember (chunking)

9-11 years

memory age range: children can develop their own memory aids

hierarchical theory of intelligence

general intelligence -> abilities -> specific skills; predicts education, income, and longevity and is heavily influenced by genetics

general intelligence

what part of the hierarchical theory of intelligence can not be measured directly

positively

IQ and education of both parents are ____________ correlated with the child's IQ

fluid intelligence

logic, problem solving, tested by time limit tests

crystallized intelligence

facts, knowledge and experience

increases

crystallized intelligence generally ____________ over time

decreases

fluid intelligence generally ____________ over time

stagnant

general IQ tests are pretty ___________ over time

triarchic theory of intelligence

Sternberg's theory that there are three kinds of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical

analytic intelligence

analyzing problem and generating different solutions; plan, evaluate, analyze, monitor, compare/contract, filter

creative intelligence

response to novel situation and problems; inventing, discovering, imaging, creating

practical intelligence

adapt behavior to the demands of a situation (street smarts)

Wechsler Intelligence Scale

A scale used to measure a child's cognitive and intellectual ability using four index scales; estimates intelligence

average

what does a score of 100 denote on an IQ test

above average

what does a score above 100 denote on an IQ test

below average

what does a score below 100 denote on an IQ test

2

how many standard deviations from average is 95% of the population

intellectual disability

substantial limitations in intellectual ability (IQ score < 70) and problems adapting to the environment

biomedical

intellectual disability risk: chromosomal, malnutrition, TBI

social

intellectual disability risk: poverty, poor parent-child relations

behavioral

intellectual disability risk: child neglect, domestic violence

educational

intellectual disability risk: poor parenting, poor special education services

learning disability

child has difficulty mastering an academic subject, is of normal intelligence, and must not struggle due to some other conditions (poor instruction, sensory deficits)

dyslexia

learning disability: unusual difficulty with reading; thought to be the result of some neurological underdevelopment

dyscalculia

learning disability: unusual difficulty with math, probably originating from a distinct part of the brain

impaired reading comprehension

learning disability: have no trouble reading individual words but understand far less of what they read

ADHD

symptoms start before 12 and impact daily life; hyperactivity, inattention, impulsivity; need training for the family, child, and teachers and medication

3 years

math expectation age: understands stable-order and cardinality principles

4-5 years

math expectation age: counts to 20, understands one-to one principle, recognizes and names shapes, understand more or less

6 years

math expectation age: count to 100, add and subtract one-digit numbers, understand bigger and smaller

8 years

math expectation age: add and subtract two-digit numbers, understand simple multiplication and division

10 years

math expectation age: add, subtract, multiply, and divide two-digit numbers, understand simple fractions, percent, area, perimeter, and word problems

12 years

math expectation age: begin to use abstract concepts

4-5 years

reading expectation age: understand basic book concepts and recognize own name

6-7 years

reading expectation age: know sounds of consonants and vowels, use sounds to figure out words, read simple words

8 years

reading expectation age: read simple sentences and comprehend what is read, simple punctuation

9-10 years

reading expectation age: read paragraphs and chapter, complex punctuation, comprehension questions, polysyllabic words

11-12 years

reading expectation age: demonstrate rapid and fluent oral reading and comprehend paragraphs about unfamiliar topics, read for pleasure, figure out unfamiliar words

13+ years

reading expectation age: continue to build vocabulary, emphasis on comprehension over speech

understanding metaphors

language: comprehend and enjoy puns, unexpected answers to normal questions, and metaphors; new cognitive flexibility make them funny

pragmatics

language: ability to use words and devices to communicate in different contexts, change from formal to informal

3 years

there is no detectable brain difference in monolingual and bilingual children in learning language within the first ___ ______ of life

effortful control

able to regulate attention and emotion, to self-soothe; inhibit inappropriate responding

moral values

distinguish right from wrong, to act on it, and to experience emotions that come with it

preconventional moral reasoning

1st stage of moral reasoning, determining right and wrong with rewards and punishment

conventional moral reasoning

2nd stage of moral reasoning, social rules and laws

postconventional moral reasoning

3rd stage of moral reasoning, moral principles decided by oneself

morality of justice

the tendency of males to emphasize justice over compassion and to judge right and wrong in absolute terms

morality of care

the tendency of females to be reluctant to judge right and wrong in absolute terms due to socialization

retribution

punish someone for a wrong act (males)

restitution

restoration of something to its original state (females)