Chapter 15 + 16 Key Terms

mercantilsm

system of economic regulations to increase the power of state based on the belief nations international power was based off of its wealth

peace of Utrecht

series of treaties from 1713-1775 that ended the war of the Spanish succession, enabled French expansion in Europe, and marked the rise of the british empire

junkers

nobility of Brandenburg and Prussia reluctant allies of Federick William in his consolidation of the Prussian state 

boyars 

the highest ranking members of russian nobility 

cossacks

free runaway peasants on Russias border later joined with the state by the late 1500s

sultan

ruler of the ottoman empire owned all of the land of the empire and served by an army and bureaucracy of highly trained slaves 

janissary corps

core of the sultans army made of slave conscripts from nun Muslim points of the empire after 1685 it was a voulentary force 

millet system

system used by the ottomans where subjects were divided into religious communities each millet enjoying self government under religious leaders

constitutionalsim

a government in which power is limited by law and balanced between authority and power of government and the rights of liberties of citizens 

republicansim 

a government in which there is no monarch and power rests in the hands of the people by choosing elected repersentives 

purtians

memebrs of the 16-17th century reform in the church of england and advocating purifying Roman Catholic elements of faith 

procreate

the English military dictatoship made by Owen Cromwell after the execution of Charles 1

test act

legislation passed by English parliament in 1673 to secure the positionof the Anglician church by stripping purtians and catholics of there rights

stadholder

executive officer in each of the United provinces of the Netherlands, a position held by the princes of orange

natural philosophy

modern term for the study of nature in the universe its purpose and how it functioned 

copercian hypothesis

the idea the sun not the earth was the center of the universe

experimental method

pioneered by gaileo that the proper way to explore the universe through experiments rather than just speculation 

law of inertia

formulated by Gaileo that states motion is the natural state of an object and the object continues in motion unlessed stopped by an external force 

law of universal gravitation

newtons law that all objects are attracted to one another and the force of attraction is proportional to the objects quantity of matter to contrast to the square distance between them 

empircism

theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquring evidence through observation and experiment rather than just reason 

cartesian duasim

descrates view that all of reality could be immediately reduced to just mind and matter

enlightment

the influential intellectual and cultural movement of the 17th century and 18th centuries new worldviews 

rationalsim

a secular critical way of thinking nothing was accepted base on faith and all reason

philosphies

group of French intellectuals who proclaimed to bring the light of knowledge to others

reading revolution

transtion in Europe from where literacy was just in religious text to a society where literacy was common and reading material was very broad

salon

social gathering held by talented and rich Parisians in there homew where philosphies and others could meet

rococo

popular style in 18th century soft pastels, orieante interiors, sentimental portraits and cupids 

public sphere

an intellectual space during the enlightment where the public came to discuss societal issues 

enlgihtend absolutsim

describe the rule of the 18th century monarchs who renounced there own absolute authority and instead took up enlightenment ideas 

cameralism

view that the monarch was the best form of government and all elements of society should see it and the state should use its research and authority to increase the public good

hasakalah

the Jewish enlightment pf the second half of the 18th century led by philosopher moss neddelstorm