anaphy quiz

anatomy

parts or structure

developmental anatomy

structural changes between conception and adulthood

embryology

changes from conception to the end of the eight week development

cytology

structural features of cells

histology

examines tissue

system

group of structure that have one and more common functions

gross anatomy

study of structures that can be examined without the aid of a microscope

surface anatomy

involves exterior of the body to visualize structures deeper inside the body

physiology

scientific investigation of the process or functions of living things

pathology

study of diseases

atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

level of organization of the human body

cell

•THE BASIC STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL UNITS OF ALL LIVING ORGANISM

organelles

structures inside the cells

tissues

a group of cells that work together, performing a specialized function

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

four basic tissue type

organ

is composed of two or more tissue types that perform one or more common functions

organ system

a group of organs that together perform a common function

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive

11 major organ systems

organism

An individual living thing

organization

refers to the specific interrelationships among the parts of an organism. how those parts interact to perform specific functions

metabolism

•IS THE ABILITY TO USE ENERGY

•REFERS TO ALL OF THE CHEMICAL REACTIONS TAKING PLACE IN THE CELLS AND INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

responsiveness

•ABILITY TO SENSE CHANGES IN ITS EXTENAL OR INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

growth

•REFERS TO AN INCREASE IN THE SIZE OR NUMBER OF CELLS
• PRODUCES AN OVERALL ENLARGEMENT OF ALL OR PART OF AN ORGANISM

atrophy

decrease in size

hypertrophy

excessive development; enlargement of something

development

•CHANGES AN ORGANISM UNDERGOES THROUGH TIME
•FERTILIZATION TO DEATH

reproduction

•FORMATION OF NEW CELLS AND NEW ORGANISMS
•REPRODUCTION OF CELLS ALLOWS FOR GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Organization, Metabolism, Responsiveness, Growth, Development, Reproduction (OMRGDR)

characteristics of life

homeostatis

•THE EXISTENCE AND MAINTENANCE OF A RELATIVELY CONSTANT ENVIRONMENT WITHIN THE BODY

variables

•CHANGES IN INTERNAL BODY CONDITIONS
EX: TEMP., VOL., CHEMICAL CONTENT, pH OF BODY FLUIDS

orthostatic hypotension

IS A SIGNIFICANT DROP IN BLOOD PRESSURE UPON STANDING

orthostatis

to stand

hypotension

low blood pressure

feedback loops

regulate homeostatis

negative feedback, positive feedback

types of loops

plasma membrane

•LIPID BILAYER COMPOSED OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS AND CHOLESTEROL

FUNCTIONS
•OUTER BOUNDARY OF THE CELL
•CONTROLS ENTRY AND EXIT OF SUBSTANCES

nucleus

enclosed by nuclear membrane, control center of the cell

ribosome

•RIBOSOMAL RNA AND PROTEINS FORM LARGE AND SMALL SUBUNITS
•ATTACHED TO ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

FUNCTIONS
•SERVES AS SITE OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

rough er

• MEMBRANOUS TUBLUES AND FLATTENED SACS WITH ATTACHED RIBOSOMES

FUNCTIONS
•SYNTHESIZES PROTEINS
•TRANSPORTED TO GOLGI APPARATUS

smooth er

•MEMBRANOUS TUBULES AND FLATTENED SACS WITH NO ATTACHED RIBOSOMES

FUNCTIONS
•MANUFACTURES LIPIDS AND CARBOHYDRATES
•DETOXIFIES HARMFUL CHEMICALS
• STORES CALCIUM

golgi apparatus

•FLATTENED MEMBRANE SACS STACKED ON EACH OTHER

FUNCTIONS
•MODIFIES, PACKAGES AND DISTRIBUTES PROTEINS AND LIPIDS FOR SECRETION OR INTERNAL USE

lysosome

MEMBRANE-BOUND VESICLE PINCHED OFF GOLGI APPARATUS

FUNCTION
•CONTAINS DIGESTIVE ENZYME

peroxisome

MEMBRANE- BOUND VESICLE

FUNCTIONS
•SERVES AS ONE SITE OF LIPID AND AMINO ACID DEGRADATION
• BREAKDOWN HYDROGEN PEROXIDE

mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

centrioles

•LOCATED IN THE CENTROSOME
•PAIR OF CYLINDRICAL ORGANELLES

FUNCTIONS
•MICROTUBULE FORMATION OCCURS
•DETERMINE CELL POLARITY DURING DIVISION
• FORM THE BASAL BODIES OF CILIA AND FLAGELLA

cilia

Move materials across the cell surface (located in the respiratory system to move mucus)

flagellum

propels sperm

microvilli

increase surface area of plasma membrane, modified to form sensory receptors

microscope

An optical instrument that uses a lens or a combination of lenses to produce magnified images of small objects, especially of objects too small to be seen by the unaided eye.

interphase

the cell grows and copies its dna

g1 phase

cell growth (sprouts)

s phase

dna synthesis

g2 phase

more growth, preparation for mitosis

Mitosis

the cell divides its DNA and cytoplasm, forming two daughter cells

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (PMAT)

phases of mitosis

Prophase

first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Anaphase

the third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles

Telophase

the final phase of cell division, between anaphase and interphase, in which the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed.

g0 phase

resting state where the cell performs its functions and is not preparing to divide

aptosis

programmed cell death
ex: woman having their period (normal process)

squamous tissue

Cells are flat or scale like forming a mosaic pattern tissue

cubodial tissue

cube shaped tissue

columnar tissue

tall and thin tissue

1.simple epithelium
2.stratified epithelium
3.pseudostratified columnar epithelium
4.transitional epithelium

classification of epithelial tissue

simple epithelium

single layer of cells epithelium

stratified epithelium

more than one layer of cells epithelium

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

one layer of cells attached to basement membrane. appear to be two or more layers of cells epithelium

transitional epithelium

shape of its cells changes from cuboidal and columnar to squamous like when stretched epithelium

simple squamous epithelium

Location: air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.
Function: allows materials to pass through by diffusion and filtration, secretes lubricating substance

simple cuboidal epithelium

Location: Kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface.
Function: Secretes and absorbs

simple columnar epithelium

Location: digestive tract (stomach to anal canal), gallbladder and excretory ducts of some gland, bronchi, uterine tubes, and uterus.

Function: Absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells)

Pseudostratified Epithelium

location: trachea and much of the upper respiratory tract
functions: secretes mucus; ciliated tissue moves mucus

stratified squamous epithelium

Location: esophagus, mouth, and vagina; skin, a dry membrane.

Function: protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion

stratified cuboidal epithelium

Location: sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands.

Function: protection

stratified columnar epithelium

Location: male urethra and in large ducts of some glands

Function: protection and secretion

transitional epithelium

Location: ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

function: stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine