BIOLOGY - digestion, respiration, transportation (human+plant)

Macromolecules are

Macromolecules are large molecules composed of many repeating units, that are linked together through covalent bonds.

Macromolecule types

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Macromolecule function

depends on the properties of functional groups. Each group has specific properties, such as polarity.
-A single macromolecule may contain many different functional groups.

stages of digestion

ingestion, digestion, absorption, compaction, defecation
mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

mechanical vs chemical digestion

Mechanical- broken down by moving, pushing, churning, breaking
Chemcial- uses chemicals and enzymes to break down food

Absorption (*villi in small intestine)

The microvilli are covered in a specialized membrane that allows for the efficient uptake of nutrients, such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. The absorbed nutrients are then transported to the bloodstream and distributed to various parts of the body for use in metabolic processes.

Breathing vs Respiration

breathing = inhaling and exhaling air
respiration = chemical exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

order of respiratory system

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

Alveolus is what?

the place where gas exchange takes place

anaerobic vs aerobic respiration

aerobic: occurs when enough oxygen reaches cells to support their energy needs
Anaerobic: occurs when the demand for oxygen is greater than the body's ability to deliver it

arteries, viens, capillaries function

three types of blood vessels
A = away! arteries transport blood away from the heart around the body
V= veins do the opposite they transport blood towards the heart
C= these are the small vessels that bring the blood into every part of you body

arteries, viens, capillaries structure

A= must handle high pressure (aorta has the highest pressure)
have a small lumen
V= low blood pressure
have a big lumen and a thinner outer wall/muscle wall
C= very slow = very low blood pressure
very small lumen 1 cell thick outer wall

Path of blood through the heart

Right Atrium --> AV valve --> Right Ventricle --> semi lunar valves --> pulmonary artery --> lungs --> pulmonary vein --> Left Atrium --> AV valve --> Left Ventricle --> semi lunar valves --> Aorta ====== ALL AROUND THE BODY and back again

what does blood contain?

plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

What is traspiration?

Evaporation of water from plants through the stomata

how does transpiration work?

Transpiration is the process by which plants release water vapor into the air through tiny openings on their leaves called stomata, which helps regulate their temperature and maintain water balance.
if/when a plant finds itself in drought it will close off the stomata to preserve water but in that process it closes off its only means to Co2 which causes the plant to be unable to perform photosynthesis (it dies)

Photosynthesis

HO2 (soli [osmosis]) + Co2 (air [stomata])+ sun
= O2 (released through stomata) + Glucose (used by plant)

What is xylem?

vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant

What is phloem?

the vascular tissue in plants that conducts sugars and other metabolic products downward from the leaves.

What is mesophyll?

the green tissue in the interior of the leaf

What is osmosis?

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Enzymes are

proteins that function as catalysts

examples of enzymes

catalase, lactoase, lipase, protease, maltase, sucrase, pepsin (Most end in -ase)