Chapter 2: Networks of Exchange from c. 1200 to c. 1450

Bananas

________- introduced by Indonesian seafarers across the Indian Ocean; increased land cultivation, enriched diets, and population growth.

Agricultural effects

________- introduced crops to new places, had impact on land use, population growth and distribution, and led to abundant production.

Environmental degradation

________- put pressure on resources; overgrazing, deforestation, and soil erosion.

Swahili city states

________- along east coast of Africa; traded ivory, gold, slaves, and exotic goods to Arab trading partners.

Muslim merchans

________ and Dar al- Islam developed sailing techology and environmental knowledge to make the Indian Ocean commercially active.

Mansa Musa

________- devout Muslim, pilgrimage to Mecca displayed Malis wealth; established religous schools, mosques, and sponsored studies → strengthened Islam.

Sugar

________ and citrus crops- introduced by caliphs as they conquered beyond the Arabian Peninsula and along trade trouts.

Samarkand

________- present- day Uzbekistan in Zeravshan River valley was a stopping point between China and the Mediterranean; center of cultural exchange and trade; diverse religions, artisans, and centers of Islamic learning.

Indian Ocean

________- linked East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, and Southwest Asia; monsoon- dependent routes; merchants exchanged goods too heavy to transport by land.

Calicut

________- port city for merchants in search of southern India species; Arab and Chinese merchants exchanged goods.

Sahara Desert

________- few societies due to arid climate; nomadic communities; settlements in oases.

Kashgar

________- western edge of China where northern and southern routes of SIlk Roads crossed leading to Central Asia, India, Pakistan, and Persia.

Caravanserai

________- trading cities or inns; distance is how far camels could travel before needing water; caravan + palace.

Kuriltai

________- gathered Mongol chieftains and was elected khan of the Mongolian Kingdom.

Silk Roads

________- through Gobi Disease, China, Asia, and Europe; merchants specialized in luxury goods.

Hinduism

________ and buddhism- came to Southeast Asia; Srivijaya Empire was ________, Majapahit Kingdom was Buddhist, Sri Lanka became center of Buddhist study, Khmer Empire had both.

Epidemics

________- couldnt prevent spread of deadly infectious diseases; Mongol conquests helped transmit fleas carrying bubonic plague along with caravanserai; killed most of the population and reduced number of workers so peoples labor became valuable → set groundwork for economic changes.

Songhai Kingdom

________- took its place as the powerhouse in West Africa.

Pax Mongolica

________- Mongolian peace; religious tolerance; protected Silk Roads; new trade channels and reinvigoration of trade routes.

White Lotus Society

________- putting end to the Yuan Dynasty and Zhu Yuanzhang founded the Ming Dynasty.

Mali

________- profited from gold trade and taxed trade entering West Africa; Timbuktu had most wealth and developed into a center of Muslim life.

Maritime technology

________- Arab sailors used lateen sails that had a triangular shape to catch winds; Chinese stern rudder came ships stability; dhows used by Arab and Indian sailors; Chinese magnetic compass and astrolabe improved by Muslim navigators.

Crusades

________- knowledge of world beyond Western Europe increased with interactions with Byzantine and Islamic cultures; opened up global trade and disease, the Black Death (economic decline bc shortage of people); exposure to Byzantium and Muslim world contributed to the Renaissance and secularism.

Labor

________- demand for ________ rose with growing demand of products.

Origins

________- interregional trade built on routes of early traders and conquerors as empires expanded; needed stability of established states for safety and technological upgrades.

Effects

________- rise of trading cities to hold the network together; centralization; standardized currency for transactions and measure value of products.

Batu

________ and the Golden Horde- ________ led Mongolian army into Russia and conquered small kingdoms to force them to pay tribute; ruled northern Russia through indirect rule.

Diasporic communities

________- merchants interacted with surrounding cultures and people; Arab and East African merchants stayed in Indian port cities permanently because they married; Arab and Persian merchants settled in East Africa; settlers introduced their own culture to indigenous cultures.

Champa Rice

________- introduced to Champa states and China by Vietnam; was drought- resistant, flood- resistant, and yielded 2 crops a year → population growth.

Hulegu

________ and the Islamic Heartlands- ________ took southwest region and into Abbasid territories, threatening Middle East; defeated due to alliance between Muslim Mamluks, Baibars, and Chrisian Crusaders.

Caravans

________- safer and practical travel.

Genghis Khan

Conquest- ________ headed east, attacked the Jin Empire and ruled Manchuria, Inner Mongolia, and northern China; strong riders with short bow; communication messenger force; exploited captured engineers to improve siege weapons; miners, craftworkers, etc.

Hanseatic League

________- Northern Germany and Scandinavia formed commercial alliance; drive out pirates and monopolize trade; league ships; first common market and merchant guilds.

Mongols

________ conquered the Abbasid Caliphate and China- turned Silk Roads into unified system under authority that respected merchants and enforced laws; improved roads, punished bandits → increased safe travel; new trade channels between Asia, Middle East, Africa, and Europe.

political instability

Declining cities- ________ and invasions, disease, decline of agricultural productivity.

Spread of Islam

________- connected cities, trading partners in East Africa, East and Southeast Asia, and South Asia; Muslim Persians and Arabs were seafarers and transported goods to port cities who became centers of trade.

Growth of states

________- Malacca became wealthy from the navy and imposed fees on ships that passed through the Strait of Malacca.

Kublai Khan

________ and the Yuan Dynasty- China was ruled by the Song Dynasty and was an opponent for the khans; conquered China and adhered closer to Chinese tradition than Mongolian practices, established the Yuan Dynasty; religious tolerance, cultural exchanges, improved trade.

Money economy

________- using money rather than bartering.

Indian Ocean

________ slave trade → African works, musical styles, and customs.

Mongols

________ were pastoral nomads north of the Gobi Desert in East Asia; expected everyone to become skilled horse riders, valued courage in hunting and warfare.

Genghis Khan

________- created tribal alliances and defeated neighboring groups (khan= king), focused on building power.

Caravans

safer and practical travel

Flying cash

merchants could deposit paper money at banking houses; had to present a bill of exchange stating holder was legally promised payment

Hanseatic League

Northern Germany and Scandinavia formed commercial alliance; drive out pirates and monopolize trade; league ships; first common market and merchant guilds

Genghis Khan

created tribal alliances and defeated neighboring groups (khan = king), focused on building power

Kuriltai

gathered Mongol chieftains and was elected khan of the Mongolian Kingdom

Conquest

Genghis Khan headed east, attacked the Jin Empire and ruled Manchuria, Inner Mongolia, and northern China; strong riders with short bow; communication messenger force; exploited captured engineers to improve siege weapons; miners, craftworkers, etc

Khanate

kingdom

Pax Mongolica

Mongolian peace; religious tolerance; protected Silk Roads; new trade channels and reinvigoration of trade routes

Batu and the Golden Horde

Batu led Mongolian army into Russia and conquered small kingdoms to force them to pay tribute; ruled northern Russia through indirect rule

Moscow rulers

additional tributes to resist Mongols (anti-Mongol coalition)

Hulegu and the Islamic Heartlands

Hulegu took southwest region and into Abbasid territories, threatening Middle East; defeated due to alliance between Muslim Mamluks, Baibars, and Chrisian Crusaders

Il-khanate

Central Asia, converted to Islam

Kublai Khan and the Yuan Dynasty

China was ruled by the Song Dynasty and was an opponent for the khans; conquered China and adhered closer to Chinese tradition than Mongolian practices, established the Yuan Dynasty; religious tolerance, cultural exchanges, improved trade

Losing power

Mongolian leaders eventually alienated the CHinese and hired foreigners, promoted Buddhists and Daoists and dismantling the civil service exam, distressed the Chinese scholar-gentry; tried and failed to conquer Japan, Indochina, Burma, and Java

White Lotus Society

putting end to the Yuan Dynasty and Zhu Yuanzhang founded the Ming Dynasty

Long-term impacts

conquered more than the Romans; Pax Mongolica revitalized interregional trade, built a system of roads and guarded trade routes, interregional cultural exchange including Greco-Islaic knowledge; transmit bubonic plague; centralizing power

Cultural transfers

Zheng He traveled to coastal areas on the Indian Ocean, Arabia, and east coast of Africa and Cape of Good Hope to display might of the Ming Dynasty and receive tribute, opened new markets for Chinese goods and brought new understanding of the world; worried interaction with foreign cultures threatened Chinas social order and voyages ended

Sahara Desert

few societies due to arid climate; nomadic communities; settlements in oases

Camels, saddles, and trade

developed camel saddles after the use of camels spread and carry heavy loads of goods

trans-Saharan trade

gold was precious commodity, and ivory and slaves; considerable wealth to West Africa, Ghana, and Mali; spread Islam

Mali

profited from gold trade and taxed trade entering West Africa; Timbuktu had most wealth and developed into a center of Muslim life

Expanding roles of states

gave rise to need to administer and maintain trade, established currency with understood value; brought people from distant cultures; Sundiate from Mali established trade relationships and brought wealth

Mansa Musa

devout Muslim, pilgrimage to Mecca displayed Malis wealth; established religous schools, mosques, and sponsored studies → strengthened Islam

Songhai Kingdom

took its place as the powerhouse in West Africa

Buddhism

came to China via Silk Roads, related to Daoist principles to created Chan Buddhism; Japan and Korea adopted Buddhism with Confucianism to create Neo-Confucianism

Hinduism and buddhism

came to Southeast Asia; Srivijaya Empire was Hindu, Majapahit Kingdom was Buddhist, Sri Lanka became center of Buddhist study, Khmer Empire had both

Islam

Islam spread to Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia through merchants, missionaries, and conquests

Scientific and Technological Advances

Islamic scholars translated Greek classics into Arabic, math from India, papermaking from China improved literacy; studied medicine from ancient Greeks, Mesopotamia, and Egyptians to improve hospital care; agricultural efficiency (Champa rice) for reliable food supply; seafaring tech. like lateen sails, stern rudder, astrolabe, and magnetic compass; gunpowder and guns for warfare

Growth of cities

political stability, decline of invasions, reliable transportation, commerce, labor supply, increased agricultural output

Declining cities

political instability and invasions, disease, decline of agricultural productivity

Crusades

knowledge of world beyond Western Europe increased with interactions with Byzantine and Islamic cultures; opened up global trade and disease, the Black Death (economic decline bc shortage of people); exposure to Byzantium and Muslim world contributed to the Renaissance and secularism

Travelers

Marco Polo described China and trade-related matters; Ibn Battutta had accounts of Asia, China, Spain, North Africa, and Muslim lands focused on Islam; Margery Kempe who wrote about he pilgrimages to Jerusalem, Rome, Germany, and Spain with the POV of a middle-class medieval woman

Agricultural effects

introduced crops to new places, had impact on land use, population growth and distribution, and led to abundant production