Studied by 16 peopleBananas
________- introduced by Indonesian seafarers across the Indian Ocean; increased land cultivation, enriched diets, and population growth.
Agricultural effects
________- introduced crops to new places, had impact on land use, population growth and distribution, and led to abundant production.
Environmental degradation
________- put pressure on resources; overgrazing, deforestation, and soil erosion.
Swahili city states
________- along east coast of Africa; traded ivory, gold, slaves, and exotic goods to Arab trading partners.
Muslim merchans
________ and Dar al- Islam developed sailing techology and environmental knowledge to make the Indian Ocean commercially active.
Mansa Musa
________- devout Muslim, pilgrimage to Mecca displayed Malis wealth; established religous schools, mosques, and sponsored studies → strengthened Islam.
Sugar
________ and citrus crops- introduced by caliphs as they conquered beyond the Arabian Peninsula and along trade trouts.
Samarkand
________- present- day Uzbekistan in Zeravshan River valley was a stopping point between China and the Mediterranean; center of cultural exchange and trade; diverse religions, artisans, and centers of Islamic learning.
Indian Ocean
________- linked East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, and Southwest Asia; monsoon- dependent routes; merchants exchanged goods too heavy to transport by land.
Calicut
________- port city for merchants in search of southern India species; Arab and Chinese merchants exchanged goods.
Sahara Desert
________- few societies due to arid climate; nomadic communities; settlements in oases.
Kashgar
________- western edge of China where northern and southern routes of SIlk Roads crossed leading to Central Asia, India, Pakistan, and Persia.
Caravanserai
________- trading cities or inns; distance is how far camels could travel before needing water; caravan + palace.
Kuriltai
________- gathered Mongol chieftains and was elected khan of the Mongolian Kingdom.
Silk Roads
________- through Gobi Disease, China, Asia, and Europe; merchants specialized in luxury goods.
Hinduism
________ and buddhism- came to Southeast Asia; Srivijaya Empire was ________, Majapahit Kingdom was Buddhist, Sri Lanka became center of Buddhist study, Khmer Empire had both.
Epidemics
________- couldnt prevent spread of deadly infectious diseases; Mongol conquests helped transmit fleas carrying bubonic plague along with caravanserai; killed most of the population and reduced number of workers so peoples labor became valuable → set groundwork for economic changes.
Songhai Kingdom
________- took its place as the powerhouse in West Africa.
Pax Mongolica
________- Mongolian peace; religious tolerance; protected Silk Roads; new trade channels and reinvigoration of trade routes.
White Lotus Society
________- putting end to the Yuan Dynasty and Zhu Yuanzhang founded the Ming Dynasty.
Mali
________- profited from gold trade and taxed trade entering West Africa; Timbuktu had most wealth and developed into a center of Muslim life.
Maritime technology
________- Arab sailors used lateen sails that had a triangular shape to catch winds; Chinese stern rudder came ships stability; dhows used by Arab and Indian sailors; Chinese magnetic compass and astrolabe improved by Muslim navigators.
Crusades
________- knowledge of world beyond Western Europe increased with interactions with Byzantine and Islamic cultures; opened up global trade and disease, the Black Death (economic decline bc shortage of people); exposure to Byzantium and Muslim world contributed to the Renaissance and secularism.
Labor
________- demand for ________ rose with growing demand of products.
Origins
________- interregional trade built on routes of early traders and conquerors as empires expanded; needed stability of established states for safety and technological upgrades.
Effects
________- rise of trading cities to hold the network together; centralization; standardized currency for transactions and measure value of products.
Batu
________ and the Golden Horde- ________ led Mongolian army into Russia and conquered small kingdoms to force them to pay tribute; ruled northern Russia through indirect rule.
Diasporic communities
________- merchants interacted with surrounding cultures and people; Arab and East African merchants stayed in Indian port cities permanently because they married; Arab and Persian merchants settled in East Africa; settlers introduced their own culture to indigenous cultures.
Champa Rice
________- introduced to Champa states and China by Vietnam; was drought- resistant, flood- resistant, and yielded 2 crops a year → population growth.
Hulegu
________ and the Islamic Heartlands- ________ took southwest region and into Abbasid territories, threatening Middle East; defeated due to alliance between Muslim Mamluks, Baibars, and Chrisian Crusaders.
Caravans
________- safer and practical travel.
Genghis Khan
Conquest- ________ headed east, attacked the Jin Empire and ruled Manchuria, Inner Mongolia, and northern China; strong riders with short bow; communication messenger force; exploited captured engineers to improve siege weapons; miners, craftworkers, etc.
Hanseatic League
________- Northern Germany and Scandinavia formed commercial alliance; drive out pirates and monopolize trade; league ships; first common market and merchant guilds.
Mongols
________ conquered the Abbasid Caliphate and China- turned Silk Roads into unified system under authority that respected merchants and enforced laws; improved roads, punished bandits → increased safe travel; new trade channels between Asia, Middle East, Africa, and Europe.
political instability
Declining cities- ________ and invasions, disease, decline of agricultural productivity.
Spread of Islam
________- connected cities, trading partners in East Africa, East and Southeast Asia, and South Asia; Muslim Persians and Arabs were seafarers and transported goods to port cities who became centers of trade.
Growth of states
________- Malacca became wealthy from the navy and imposed fees on ships that passed through the Strait of Malacca.
Kublai Khan
________ and the Yuan Dynasty- China was ruled by the Song Dynasty and was an opponent for the khans; conquered China and adhered closer to Chinese tradition than Mongolian practices, established the Yuan Dynasty; religious tolerance, cultural exchanges, improved trade.
Money economy
________- using money rather than bartering.
Indian Ocean
________ slave trade → African works, musical styles, and customs.
Mongols
________ were pastoral nomads north of the Gobi Desert in East Asia; expected everyone to become skilled horse riders, valued courage in hunting and warfare.
Genghis Khan
________- created tribal alliances and defeated neighboring groups (khan= king), focused on building power.
Caravans
safer and practical travel
Flying cash
merchants could deposit paper money at banking houses; had to present a bill of exchange stating holder was legally promised payment
Hanseatic League
Northern Germany and Scandinavia formed commercial alliance; drive out pirates and monopolize trade; league ships; first common market and merchant guilds
Genghis Khan
created tribal alliances and defeated neighboring groups (khan = king), focused on building power
Kuriltai
gathered Mongol chieftains and was elected khan of the Mongolian Kingdom
Conquest
Genghis Khan headed east, attacked the Jin Empire and ruled Manchuria, Inner Mongolia, and northern China; strong riders with short bow; communication messenger force; exploited captured engineers to improve siege weapons; miners, craftworkers, etc
Khanate
kingdom
Pax Mongolica
Mongolian peace; religious tolerance; protected Silk Roads; new trade channels and reinvigoration of trade routes
Batu and the Golden Horde
Batu led Mongolian army into Russia and conquered small kingdoms to force them to pay tribute; ruled northern Russia through indirect rule
Moscow rulers
additional tributes to resist Mongols (anti-Mongol coalition)
Hulegu and the Islamic Heartlands
Hulegu took southwest region and into Abbasid territories, threatening Middle East; defeated due to alliance between Muslim Mamluks, Baibars, and Chrisian Crusaders
Il-khanate
Central Asia, converted to Islam
Kublai Khan and the Yuan Dynasty
China was ruled by the Song Dynasty and was an opponent for the khans; conquered China and adhered closer to Chinese tradition than Mongolian practices, established the Yuan Dynasty; religious tolerance, cultural exchanges, improved trade
Losing power
Mongolian leaders eventually alienated the CHinese and hired foreigners, promoted Buddhists and Daoists and dismantling the civil service exam, distressed the Chinese scholar-gentry; tried and failed to conquer Japan, Indochina, Burma, and Java
White Lotus Society
putting end to the Yuan Dynasty and Zhu Yuanzhang founded the Ming Dynasty
Long-term impacts
conquered more than the Romans; Pax Mongolica revitalized interregional trade, built a system of roads and guarded trade routes, interregional cultural exchange including Greco-Islaic knowledge; transmit bubonic plague; centralizing power
Cultural transfers
Zheng He traveled to coastal areas on the Indian Ocean, Arabia, and east coast of Africa and Cape of Good Hope to display might of the Ming Dynasty and receive tribute, opened new markets for Chinese goods and brought new understanding of the world; worried interaction with foreign cultures threatened Chinas social order and voyages ended
Sahara Desert
few societies due to arid climate; nomadic communities; settlements in oases
Camels, saddles, and trade
developed camel saddles after the use of camels spread and carry heavy loads of goods
trans-Saharan trade
gold was precious commodity, and ivory and slaves; considerable wealth to West Africa, Ghana, and Mali; spread Islam
Mali
profited from gold trade and taxed trade entering West Africa; Timbuktu had most wealth and developed into a center of Muslim life
Expanding roles of states
gave rise to need to administer and maintain trade, established currency with understood value; brought people from distant cultures; Sundiate from Mali established trade relationships and brought wealth
Mansa Musa
devout Muslim, pilgrimage to Mecca displayed Malis wealth; established religous schools, mosques, and sponsored studies → strengthened Islam
Songhai Kingdom
took its place as the powerhouse in West Africa
Buddhism
came to China via Silk Roads, related to Daoist principles to created Chan Buddhism; Japan and Korea adopted Buddhism with Confucianism to create Neo-Confucianism
Hinduism and buddhism
came to Southeast Asia; Srivijaya Empire was Hindu, Majapahit Kingdom was Buddhist, Sri Lanka became center of Buddhist study, Khmer Empire had both
Islam
Islam spread to Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia through merchants, missionaries, and conquests
Scientific and Technological Advances
Islamic scholars translated Greek classics into Arabic, math from India, papermaking from China improved literacy; studied medicine from ancient Greeks, Mesopotamia, and Egyptians to improve hospital care; agricultural efficiency (Champa rice) for reliable food supply; seafaring tech. like lateen sails, stern rudder, astrolabe, and magnetic compass; gunpowder and guns for warfare
Growth of cities
political stability, decline of invasions, reliable transportation, commerce, labor supply, increased agricultural output
Declining cities
political instability and invasions, disease, decline of agricultural productivity
Crusades
knowledge of world beyond Western Europe increased with interactions with Byzantine and Islamic cultures; opened up global trade and disease, the Black Death (economic decline bc shortage of people); exposure to Byzantium and Muslim world contributed to the Renaissance and secularism
Travelers
Marco Polo described China and trade-related matters; Ibn Battutta had accounts of Asia, China, Spain, North Africa, and Muslim lands focused on Islam; Margery Kempe who wrote about he pilgrimages to Jerusalem, Rome, Germany, and Spain with the POV of a middle-class medieval woman
Agricultural effects
introduced crops to new places, had impact on land use, population growth and distribution, and led to abundant production
Note
Flashcard