Unit 1: Biomolecules and Cellular Systems

Carolus Linnaeus (1700s)

Was the “first” taxonomist

The 5-Kingdom taxonomic hierarchy (classification system) became the
standard in Western science, what was it based on?

Similarities and diffrences in morphological and nutritional characteristics

Binomial nomenclature

Genus, species

Morphological

How it looks on inside and outside (observable)

What is a trend as you go down?

From most inclusive to more specific

The 5-Kingdom Classification System

Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

From Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia, who has a nucleus?

Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

From Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia who has multicellularity?

Fungi Plantae Animalia

From Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia, list who has these following nutritional characteristics: Aerobic respiration, photosynthesis, decomposers

Aerobic respiration: All

Photosynthesis: Mon, Pro, Plan

Decomposers: Mon, Pro, Fun

All life stores genetic information within and uses?

DNA molecules and use ribosomes (rRNA) to translate the information into proteins

What is an essential component of all life?

Ribosomes

When do mutations occur?

Randomly over time

How do nucleotides vary with their importance?

Some nucleotides are critical to the function of the ribosome and must be conserved, but some can change

The nucleotide sequences of the ribosome gene among species can be compared:

• The more similar the sequence - the more closely related the organisms

• The more differences = the longer ago the species diverged

The 3-Domain Classification system is based on?

Similarities and differences in molecular information (rRNA gene)

Name the 3 domains and list which where monera, fungi, plantae, protista, and animalia went.

Bacteria (monera), archaea (used to be monera), eukarya (fungi, plantae, protista, animalia)

Archaea are believed to emerge from?

Hydrothermal vents

Out of eukarya and bacteria, which have a nuclei?

Eukarya yes, bacteria no

In which order did the 3 from the domain classificartion system emerge?

Bacteria, archaea, eukarya

Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes both have?

Cell membrane : cytosol : use ATP : have DNA : use ribosomes for translation and existed in LUCA

Eukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes

E: Multiple linear ds DNA, Nucleaus with double membrane, 80 S ribosomes, endomembrane system (within the cell), and 10-100 micrometers

P: Single circular ds DNA, Nucleoid with no nucleus, 70 S ribosomes, Lack internal membranes, 0.5 - 5 micrometers

Domain bacteria characteristics

• Prokaryotic

• Unicellular

• Cell wall of peptidoglycan (almost all)

• Small ( 0.5-5 micrometers)

Domain Archaea characteristics

• Prokaryotic

• Unicellular

• Cell walls of pseudopeptidoglycan

• Also small (0.5-5 micrometers)

Domain Eukarya characteristics

• Eukaryotic

• Uni and multicellular

• Cell walls (if present) of cellulose, chitin, pectin

• Large!