Sensory system that determines whether the body is upside down, standing, etc. Sense of balance
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Proprioception
The ability to sense location, movement, and action/position of the limbs.
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Sensation
registration of physical stimuli from the environment by the sensory receptors
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Stimulus
An element of the world around us that impinges on our sensory systems
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Perception
Process of creating conscious perceptual experience from sensory input
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Transduction
The process of converting physical stimuli, such as light, into an electrochemical signal
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Receptors
Specialized sensory neurnos that convert physical stimuli into neural responses
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Neural response
Signal produced by receptor cells that can be sent to the brain
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Phenomenology
Our subjective experience of perception
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Aftereffect
a sensory experience that occurs after prolonged experience of visual motion in one particular direction. Example: g. Another way to observe this illusion at home is to watch the credits at the end of a movie without taking your eyes off the television screen. After watching the credits for 2 minutes, have a friend or family member hit the pause button. You will see an illusion of the movie credits' moving up the screen, even though you know the video is now stopped.
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doctrine of specific nerve energies
the argument that it is the specific neurons activated that determine the particular type of experience (activation of the optic nerve leads to visual experiences, whereas activation of the auditory nerve leads to auditory experiences)
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constructivist approach
the idea that perceptions are constructed using information from our senses and cognitive processes. Recognizing the face - voice of a loved one
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Unconscious inference
Helmholtz's idea that some of our perceptions are the result of unconscious assumptions that we make about the environment.
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Weber's Law
the just noticeable difference between two stimuli is related to the magintude / strength of the stimuli. 10 dots vs 20 dots is noticeable, 150 dots vs 160 dots, not so much.
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Psychophysics
Study of the relationships between physical stimuli and perception.
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Gestalt Psychology
An approach that suggests that we view the world in terms of general patterns + well organized structures rather than separable individual elemenets.
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Direct Perception (Gibsonian approach)
the approach to perception that claims that information in the sensory world is complex and abundant, and therefore the perceptual systems need only directly perceive such complexity
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Information processing approach
the view that perceptual and cognitive systems can be viewed as the flow of information from one process to another
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Computational Approach
an approach to the study of perception in which the necessary computations the brain would need to carry out to perceive the world are specified
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Hubel and Wiesel discoveries
1- the behavior of individual cells 2- unexpected levels of organization in the brain 3- information on how the brain develops
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Neuropsychology
The study of the relation of brain damagae to changes in behaviour
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Agnosia
the inability to recognize familiar objects due to brain damage
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Prosopagnosia
face agnosia, a form of agnosia caused by damage to an area of the temporal lobe that results in deficit in recognizing faces.
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Amusia
A form of agnosia that results in a person's loss of appreciation of music.
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Functional Magentic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
a neuroimaging technique that generates an image of the brain on the basis of the blood lebels in different areas of the brain, which correlate w activity levels in those regions.
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cognitive penetration
the view that cognitive and emotional factors influence the phenomenology of perception - nonperceptual factors affect what we see, hear, taste, and feel.
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cognitive impenetrability
Perception is not affected by cognitive factors; only our reporting of perception is, and that our perception remains the same, regardless of our cognitive + emotional state.
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size-arrival effect
bigger approaching objects are seen as being more likely to collide with the viewer than smaller approaching objects
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Top-down
Making sense of information by using context and what we already know about the situation; knowledge + context
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bottom-up
the analysis of the smaller features to build up to a complete perception - colour + shape.
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placebo effect
experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent.
Presenting a movement stimulus and measuring neural responding
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physiology-perception relationship
relationship between physiological responses and behavioral responses
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Receptors in eyes
Rods and cones
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receptors in ears
hair cells
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receptors in mouth
cells in tastebuds
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Method of limits:
stimuli are presented in a graduated scale, and participants must judge the stimuli along a certain property that goes up or down
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absolute threshold
the smallest amount of stimulus necessary to allow an observer to detect its presence.
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method of constant stimuli
A psychophysical method in which a number of stimuli with different intensities are presented repeatedly in a random order.
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method of adjustment
a method of limits in which the subject controls the change in the stimulus to find their own threshold.
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difference threshold
The minimum amount of difference that can be detected between two stimuli
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point of subjective equality
the settings of two stimuli at which the observer experiences them as identical
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Psychophysical scale
a scale on which people rate their psychological experiences as a function of the level of a physical stimulus - eg: the Scoville scale measures our experience of 'hotness' at different concentrations of capsaicin.
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Ascending series
a series in which a stimulus gets increasingly larger along a physical dimension (intensity of light might increase, amplitude of sound might increase)
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Descending series
a series in which a stimulus gets increasingly smaller along a physical dimension
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crossover point
the point at which a person changes from detecting to not detecting a stimulus or vice versa
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two-point touch threshold
the minimum distance at which two stimuli are just perceptible as separate (the aristotle's illusion)
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Difference between method of limits and contant stimuli?
In the method of limits, the stimuli are changed to focus on a paeticular observer's threshold.
In the method of constant stimuli, all stimuli are always presented, and all are selected beforehand; given in random order rather thsn zeroing in on the threshold.
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magnitude estimation
a psychophysical method in which the participant assigns values according to perceived magnitudes of the stimuli
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response compression
the result when doubling the physical intensity of a stimulus less than doubles the subjective magnitude of the stimulus. 1 teaspoon per gallon elicits the same response as 2 teaspoons per gallon, or only a bit higher, but not by double.
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Response expansion
the result when doubling the physical intensity of a stimulus more than doubles the subjective magnitude of the stimulus. electrical shock of 10 = 5 on the pain scale. electrical shock of 20 = perhaps 15 on the pain scale; so objective pain increases, perception increases by much more.
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Steven's Power Law
a principle describing the relationship between stimulus and resulting sensation that says the magnitude of subjective sensation is proportional to the stimulus magnitude raised to an exponent
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a Catch trial
a trial in which the stimulus is not presented to ensure they are telling the truth when there is not stimulus. If there is no stimulus and they say that there is a stimulus, they are not being truthful.
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force choice method
a psychophysical method in which a participant is required to report when or where a stimulus occurs instead of whether it was perceived
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signal detection theory
a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness.
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False alarm
One of the outcomes of the signal detection theory - when the observer mistakes a harmless signal for a dangerous signal - when a party is cancelled because they thought there was going to be rain but there wasn't any rain
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Miss
One of the outcomes of the signal detection theory - when a harmful signal is percieved as harmless
party = happened rain = happened
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Hit
One of the outcomes of the signal detection theory - when a harmful singal is correctly percieved as hamrful;
party = didn't happen rain = happened
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Correct rejection
One of the outcomes of the signal detection theory - When a harmless signal is percieved as harmless
party = happened rain = didn't happen
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Criterion
the bias that can affect the rate of hits and false alams
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sensitivity (signal detection theory)
the ease or difficulty with which an observer can distinguish signal from noise
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d' (d-prime)
a mathematical measure of sensitivity
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receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve
in signal detection theory, a plot of false alarms versus hits for any given sensitivity, indicating all possible outcomes for a given sensitivity
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Electroencephalography (EEG)
using electrodes to measure the electrical output of the brain by recording electric current at the scalp
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Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
using a magnetic sensor to detect the small magnetic fields produced by electrical activity in the brain
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sensorineural hearing loss
permanent hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea or auditory nerve or the primary auditory cortex
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Conductive hearing loss
the inability of sound to be transmitted to the cochlea
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audiometer
a device that can present tones of different frequencies, from low in pitch to high in pitch, at different volumes from soft to loud
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audiogram
a graph that illustrates the thresholds for the frequencies as measured by the audiometer - (graphic) record of hearing
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Physical stimulus in vision
light
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electromagnetic energy
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Amplitude (intensity)
Height of a waveform
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Wavelength
the distance between peaks on a wave
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Amplitude of light translates to:
perception of brightness
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Wavelength (and its inverse frequency) translates to:
colour
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Frequency
1/wavelength
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double slit experiment
a demonstration that light and matter can display characteristics of both classically defined waves and particles
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Visible light spectrum ranges from
about 700 nm (red light) to 400 nm (violet light)
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eyesight vertically
140 degrees of elevation - 60 degrees from straight in front eyesight up and 80 degrees from straight in front eyesight to down
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eyesight horizontally
190 degrees from side to side
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photon
a single particle of light
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pupil
center of eye
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iris
Colored part of the eye
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sclera
white of the eye
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conjunctiva
tissue that lines the inner surface of the eyelid and outer surface of the eyeball
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cornea
the transparent layer covering the iris
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extraocular muscles
control eye movement
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optic nerve
extends from the back of the eyeball which transmits visual activity to the brain
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Inferior and superior rectus muscles
move eye up and down
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Lateral and medial rectus muscles
Horizontal eye movements (left and right)
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superior and inferior oblique muscles
small rotations of the eyeball like those necessary to focus on objects at different viewing distances
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Process of light travelling through eye:
through pupil --\> optic lens --\> vitreous chamber --\> lands on the retina
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What does light flow through in the eye?
the iris is the only portion in the eye through which light can flow
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Function of the pupil
regulates the amount of light entering the eye
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What happens when the circulal muscles of the iris contracts?
pupil is constricted/undilated; light entry is restricted
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dilated pupils
allows for more light to enter the eye, optimizing vision in low light conditions
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Lens
focusing incoming light - so that the representation of images in the external environment falls only on the retina where it can be processed.
Studied by 11 people
