Influence of sex and gender development/social- emotional development

Sex

 the biologically influenced characteristics by which people define male, female, and intersex

X Cromosome

Sex chromosome that both males and females have. Females typically have two X chromosomes (XX

Y Chromosome

Sex chromosome found only in males. Males typically have one X and one Y chromosome (XY), which determines male biological sex

Primary Sex Characteristics

The reproductive organs and structures directly involved in reproduction, such as the ovaries, testes, and external genitalia

Secondary Sex Characteristics

Physical traits that develop during puberty but are not directly involved in reproduction, like breast development, facial hair, and voice deepening

Gender

 the attitudes, feelings, and behaviors that a given culture associates with a person’s biological sex

Sexual Orientation

A person’s sexual and emotional attraction to another person and the behavior and/or social affiliation that may result from this attraction

Gender Identity

 an individual's internal sense of being male, female, a blend of both, or neither, which may or may not align with their assigned sex at birth

Gender Roles

societal expectations and norms for behavior, attitudes, and activities typically associated with being male or female

Gender Typing

the process by which children learn and adopt behaviors, interests, and roles considered appropriate for their gender according to cultural norms

Ecological Systems Theory

a child's development is influenced by multiple layers of environmental systems. These include the immediate family (microsystem), larger community structures like schools (exosystem), and overarching cultural or societal norms (macrosystem). Each layer interacts to shape the child's growth.

Authoritarian Parenting style

A strict parenting approach where parents enforce high expectations and rigid rules. They prioritize obedience and discipline, often relying on punishment with limited warmth or responsiveness to the child's needs

Permissive parenting style

A relaxed approach to parenting where parents show warmth and responsiveness but have few rules and low expectations. They avoid enforcing strict boundaries, allowing children significant freedom and often indulging their desires. 

Authoritative parenting style

A balanced approach to Parenting, combining high expectations with warmth and support. Parents enforce clear rules and encourage independence while being responsive and open their children's needs and opinions.

Temperament

The innate traits that influence how children respond to their activity level, emotional reactivity and adaptability

Imprinting

A rapid and instinctive form of early learning where certain animals particularly birds form strong attachment to the first moving objects they see shortly after birth or hatching

Contact Comfort

The sense of security and emotional relief derived from physical touch particularly between infants and caregivers

Separation anxiety

A distress response experienced by infants or young children when separated from primary caregiver

Attachment Style

Patterns of behavior that describe how children from emotional bonds with caregivers influencing relationships later in life

Secure attachment

A pattern where children feel confident and trust that their caregiver will meet their needs

Avoidant attachment

A pattern where children exhibit independence and avoid seeking comfort from their caregiver

Anxious attachment

A pattern where children are overly clingy and anxious about separation from their caregiver stemming from inconsistent caregiver

Disorganized attachment

A pattern characterized by inconsistent or confused behavior or confused behavior towards a caregiver often resulting from trauma or abuse

Adverse childhood experiences ( ACEs)

Potentially traumatic events or conditions such as abuse neglect or household dysfunction that occur before 18 and can have long- term impacts on health and wellbeing