GCSE PE: 1A Applied anatomy and physiology

flexors

the muscles which bend a limb at a joint by contracting eg bicep

prime movers - agonist

the main muscle which contracts to produce the movement (i.e. bicep when bending the arm)

abductors

muscles which move a limb towards the body - deltoid

extensors

the muscles which work against the flexors + straighten a limb at a joint by contracting - tricep

adductors

the muscles which move a limb towards the body - latissimus dorsi

antagonists

the muscle which works against the agonist and relax to allow the movement to take place (i.e. tricep when bending the arm)

cartilage

shock absorber, stops bones rubbing together/wearing away e.g. meniscus (between the tibia and femur at the knee joint).

ligaments

attach bone to bone, have to be strong/elastic, keep joints stable e.g. cruciate ligament

tendons

attach muscle to bone, strong/non-elastic e.g. achilles tendon

functions of the skeleton

-structure and support

-protection of vital organs

-movement

-mineral storage

-blood cell production

types of bones

long, short, flat and irregular

What are short bones?

Bones that help with gripping, balancing, and fine movements.

Give examples of short bones.

Carpals and tarsals

What are long bones?

These bones are used in most of our movements like running and throwing.

Long bone examples

femur, humerus, radius, ulna, tibia, fibula

What are flat bones?

These bones are very important for protection

Flat bone examples

cranium, ribs, sternum, scapula

What are irregular bones?

Irregular shape bones found in the face and spine

Irregular bone examples

Vertebrae, jawbone, cheekbone

Synovial joints

joints filled with fluid that surrounds cartilage attached at the end of each of the bones that meet at the joint

6 types of joint

-Pivot

-Hinge

-Ball and socket

-gliding

-Saddle

-condyloid (Ellipsoid)

Ligaments

Synovial fluid

Bursae

Tendons

Ball and socket joint

most moveable joint, turns in many directions

hips, shoulder

hinge

bone can swing back and forward (like a door hinge)

knee, elbow

pivot

only allows rotation

neck (atlas + axis), joint between radius + ulna (elbow)

extension

increase angle of joint

flexion

decrease angle of joint

abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body

adduction

Movement toward the midline of the body

plantar flexion

pointing toes towards the ground

dorsiflexion

pointing toes toward the sky

rotation

movement of the joint at 360 degrees