microbio practical 4

what is this?

• complex virus —- BACTERIOPHAGE

what is this

polyhedral head — encloses DNA

what is this

sheath (helical)— torso like

what is this

tail fibers —- stabilize bacteriophage “leg like”

what is this

tail pins — secure bacteriophage to external envelope

what is this

helical virus — rod shaped — tobacco mosaic virus

what is this

capsid proteins — blue

what is this

RNA — green section

what is this

adenovirus — polio

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receptors

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polyhedral capsid — has 20 flat sides

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retrovirus- envelope virus; HIV

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envelope — blue color

?

protein capsid — red

?

RNA — linear yellow

?

reverse transcriptase enzyme (black spot)

what is the function of the reverse transcriptase?

copies virus RNA into DNA

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SARS CoV - 2 (COVID 19)

• note: envelope virus

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candida albicans — yeast

what are some characteristics of yeast?

reproduce by budding

• mitosis followed by unequal cytokinesis

what are the two types of fermentation

saccharomyces cerevisiae and candida albicans

saccharomyces cerevisiae characteristics

• it is baker’s yeast.

• ferments glucose to ethanol and carbon dioxide

• EX OF USAGE: beer, wine, and yeast to rise bread

characteristics of candida albicans

• normal flora in vagina

• ferments glucose to acidic fermentation products

• overgrowth of candida causes vaginitis or oral thrush

candida albicans — pseudohyphae

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where pseudohyphae is found on candida albicans (arrow)

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cryptococcus neoformans — yeast

• a capsule is visualized with negative stain (nigrosin)

EX of cryptococcus neoformans is MENINGITIS

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where capsule is (arrow is pointing at it)

mold plates

penicillium — green/gray

aspergillus — black

rhizopus — gray (black bread mold)

rhizopus stolonifera — asexual

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sporangiophore — vertical hyphae supports sporangia (Rhizopus stolonifera)

sporangium — produces enclosed sporangiospores (Rhizopus stolonifera)

zygospore (Rhizopus stolonifera)

conjugation hyphae (Rhizopus stolonifera)

aspergillus — asexual phase of life cycle

conidiospores — extend in all directions from central axis (aspergillus)

conidium — produces exposed chains of conidiospores (aspergillus)

conidiophore —— supports conidia (aspergillus)

penicillium — asexual

conidiospores in penicillium

conidium in penicillium

conidiophore in penicillium

coccidiodes — coccidiomycosis (soil fungi) & cause valley fever

arthroconidia

spherules

endospores

epidermophyton — ring worm (dermatophyte)

grape juice + reaction

sacchoromyces cerevisiae

• ferments glucose tp ethanol and CO2

• u can see bubbles at top of tube

• alcohol smell

grape juice negative

candida albicans

• ferments glucose to acid

• no bubbles, looks like grape juice

• sour smell

protozoans

• cyst

• trophozoite

trophozoite defined

• feeding, motile, reproductive stage in host

• causes disease symptom in host

• FORMS CYSTS IN HOST — which then released with fecal material

cyst defined

• resistant stage — released into environment w/ poop

• infective stage: ingested by next host

• CYST FORMS TROPHOZOITE IN NEXT HOST

giardia lamblia — trophozoite

• fecal/oral transmission

• is an intestinal parasite

• NOTE: heart shaped w tapering

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2 nuclei (Giardia lamblia)

?

median body (Giardia lamblia)

?

flagella (Giardia lamblia)

giardia cysts — have four nuclei

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trypanosoma brucei — causes african sleeping sickness (neglected tropical disease)

?

kinetoplastid (Trypanosoma brucei)

flagellum (Trypanosoma brucei)

trophozoite (Trypanosoma brucei)

tse tse fly

GENUS: GLOSSINA

what is the tse tse fly a vector for?

trypanosoma brucei

trichomonas vaginalis

• have flagella (long lines sticking out)

• 1 nucleus (bal in middle)

• SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED

example of trichomonas vaginalis?

STD

Leishmania Donovani (neglected tropical disease) — VISCERAL

• 1 flagella

• have kinetoplasitd — labeled by arrow

• slender cell body

what is the sand fly a vector for? (add pic)

Leishmaniosis

phylum mastigophora (ARCHAEZOA)

• these are flagellate protozoan

entamoeba histolytica — fecal/oral transmission

psedopodium (entamoeba hysto)

karyosome (entamoeba hysto)

• nucleus with central nucleolus and peripheral chromatin

entamoeba histolytica —- is a cyst

• has 4 karyosomes (circles in the middle)

naegleria fowleri —- a trophozoite

• causes amoeboid meningitis (usually fatal)

• trophozoite has multiple pseudopodia

karyosome in naegleria

pseudopodium in naegleria

how does meningitis occur from naegleria fowleri?

• amoeba in contaminated water enter nasal cavity

• follow olfactory nerves into cranial cavity

plasmodium (blood smear)

• cause of malaria

merozoites in plasmodium

• form inside of red blood cells — released into plasma

schizogeny in plasmodium

• produces mrozoites in RBCs

• asexual process in apicomplexa

what is the female anopheles mosquito a vector for

plasmodium

• remember this is what causes malaria

toxoplasma gondii

• oocyst with sporozoites

• tachyzoites

• tissue cyst with bradyzoites

oocyst with sporozoites

tachyzoites

• bow shaped and motile

• formed from sporozoites when 2st host ingests oocytes in cat feces

tissue cyst with bradyzoites

• dormant stage

• cause of toxoplasmosis

cryptosporidium — oocysts in acid fast stain

• from fecal/oral transmission

• chlorine resistant

• too small to filter

balantidium trophozoite

• HAS CILIA

balantidium cyst — HAS NO CILIA

both balantidium types have MACRONUCLEUS

playhelminths (flatworms) have 2 subcategories

• tapeworms.

• flukes

what kinds are tapeworms?

• taenia

• echinococcus

• diphyllobothrium

• hymenolepsis

what kinds are flukes?

• clonorchis

• schistosoma

taenia

• have scolex

• have proglottids

taenia saginata — scolex

• hooks and suckers

taenia saginata — proglottid (has uterus and eggs)

taenia saginata — egg portion

• round with thick striated shells

taenia — cysticercus “measly” meat

tenia cysticerus; in muscle; inverted scolex

what does echinococcus granulosus cause and what life cycle stage is it (egg, larvae, cyst, or adult)

• dog tapeworm

• adult