KINE 3306 Midterm

Define Personality

The characteristics or blend of characteristics that make a person unique and feel, think, and act in certain ways.

What is personality structure?

• Psychological core (values, beliefs)

• Typical responses

• Role-related behavior

Define psychological core

The most basic and deepest attitudes, values, interests, motives, and self-wroth of a person—the real person

Define typical responses

The way on typically adjusts or responds to the environment

Define role-realted behavior

how one acts in a particular social situation.

What are the six viewpoints of personality?

• Psychodynamic Approach

• Trait Approach

• Situation Approach

• Interactional Approach

• Phenomenological Approach

• Integrative or Biopsychosocial Approach

Define Psychodynamic approach

Behavior is determined by several unconscious, constantly changing factors from early childhood that often conflict with on another

Define train approach

Behavior is determined by relatively stable traits that are fundamental units of personality

Define situation approach

behavior is determined largely by the situation or environment

Define interactional approach

behavior is determined by both the person and the situational factors as well as by their interaction

Define phenomenological approach

behavior establish by an individual’s interpretation of reality, rather than by just environmental factors or unconscious drives

What is the paradox of perfectionism?

Is a personality style characterized by setting extremely high standards of performance, striving for flawlessness, and a tendency to be overly critical in evaluating one’s performance.

What is the DO’s of personality research?

• Inform participants about the purpose of the personality text and exactly how it will be used

• Allow only qualified individuals who understand testing principles and measurement error to give personality tests

• Integrate personality test results with other information obtained about the participant

• Use sport- and exercise-specific tests whenever possible, giving them in consultation with a sport psychologist.

What is the DON’T of personality research?

• Use clinical personality tests that focus on abnormality to study an average population of sport and exercise participants

• Use personality tests to decide who makes a team or program and who doesn’t

• Give or interpret personality tests unless you are qualified to do so by the APA or another certifying organization

• Use personality tests to predict behavior in sport and exercise settings without considering other sources of information

Define motivation

the direction and intensity of effort, especially as they relate to the direction and intensity of one’s effort across time

What are the five guidelines of building motivation?

• consider both the situations and traits in motivating people

• understand people’s multiple motives for involvement

• change the environment to enhance motivation

• influence motivation

• use behavior modification to change undesirable participant motives

Define achievement motivation

a person’s orientation to strive for task success, persist in the face of failure and experience pride in accomplishments

Explain how achievement motivation differs fundamentally from competitiveness.

Achievement motivation is the internal drive to master a task and strive for success and competitiveness is a specific mindset that drives focused on winning or being evaluated against others

What are the four theories of achievement motivation?

• need achievement theory

• attribution theory

• achievement goal theory

• competence motivation theory

List the three stages of developing achievement motivation and competitiveness.

• autonomous competence stage

• social comparison stage

• integrated stage

Describe autonomous competence stage

what is thought to occur before the age of 4 years, children focus on mastering their environment and on self-testing.

Describe social comparison stage

begins at about the age of 5 years, a child focuses on directly comparing her performance with that of others.

Describe integrated stage

involves both social comparison and autonomous achievement strategies. the person who fully masters this integration knowns when it is appropriate to compete and compare themselves with others and when it is appropriate to adopt self-referenced standards.

Define arousal

A blend of physical and menta; activation, varying along a continuum from sleep to frantic energy.

Define anxiety

A negative emotional state with feelings of worry, nervousness, and apprehension linked to bodily arousal

Define state anxiety

a temporary, ever-changing emotional state of subjective, consciously perceived feelings of apprehension and tension associated with activation of the autonomic nervous system.

What are the two types of state anxiety

• cognitive state anxiety

• somatic state anxiety

Define cognitive state anxiety

the degree to which one worries or has negative thoughts

Define somatic state anxiety

concerns the moment-to-moment changes in perceived physical symptoms (how you feel your body reacting)

Define stress

A substantial imbalance between physical and psychological demands placed an individual and their response capability under conditions in which failure to meet demands has important consequences

Describe the Stress Process

• Arousal + Important Stakes (can be interpreted as a positive challenge or a negative threat) = Stress

• Arousal + Important Stakes + Negative Interpretation (Strictly a negative emotional state) = Anxiety

Identify sources of stress and anxiety

• internal: thoughts about an upcoming performance, fear of failure, pressure to do well, & self-doubts about talent

• external: bad weather, opponent behavior, bad calls by officials, financial costs, stress from coaches, & time demands

Explain the connection between arousal and anxiety to performance

• inverted-u hypothesis

• individualized zones of optimal functioning (IZOF)

• anxiety direction and intensity

Define feedback

information about a person/s performance of a task to be used for improvement

Define reinforcement

the used of rewards and punishment, which increase or decrease the likelihood of a similar response occurring in the future

Describe the principles of reinforcement

• if doing something results in a good consequence, people tend to repeat the behavior to achieve additional positive reinforcement

• if doing something results in an unpleasant consequence, people tend not to repeat the behavior to avoid more negative consequences

why are principles of reinforcement complex?

• people react differently to the same reinforcement

• people receive different reinforcers in different situations

What are the guidelines for using positive reinforcement

• choose effective reinforcers such as

  • social

  • activity

  • intrinsic vs extrinsic

• choose the timing or schedule of reinforcement

• reward appropriate behaviors—chose the proper behaviors to reward

• with difficult skills, shape the behavior of the learner by reinforcing close approximations of the desired behavior

• reward performance (behavior) as well as outcome (result of a behavior)

• reward effort

What are the guidelines for using punishment?

• be consistent by giving everyone the same type of punishment for breaking similar rules

• punish the behavior, not the person—convey to the person that it’s their behavior that needs to change

• allow for the athlete’s input in making up punishments for breaking rules

• do not use physical activity or conditioning as a punishment because it can create negative associations with exercise, potentially leading to a dislike for physical activity

Describe what behavior modification is in sports?

the systematic use of learning principles—such as feedback, rewards, reinforcements, and punishments—to purposefully increase desirable behaviors and decrease or eliminate unwanted behaviors.

• ex. basketball coach shows a video replay to a player, pointing out that their feet were properly set behind the three-point line

Define Intrinsic Motivation

people who strive inwardly to be competent and self-determining in their quest to master the task at hand. essentially, they enjoy the competition and want to learn skills to the best of their ability.

What are the factors that influences intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?

• social factors

  • success and failure

    • success tends to increase intrinsic motivation; failure does the opposite

  • focus of competition

  • coaches’ behavior

• psychological factors

  • need for competence, autonomy, and relatedness

  • passion

What are types of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?

• Intrinsic

  • knowledge

  • stimulation

  • accomplishment

• Extrinsic

  • introjected

  • identified

  • integrated regulation

How does extrinsic rewards affect intrinsic motivation in sports?

• in terms of scholarships, it can either decrease or increase levels of intrinsic motivation

• success tends to increase intrinsic motivation

• failure tends to decrease intrinsic motivation

What is a special case of intrinsic motivation

The flow model

Define the flow model

A holistic, intrinsically motivating sensation experienced when you are completely immersed in an activity and operating on automatic pilot

when does flow happen

it happens when you stop overthinking and let your preparation take over completely

Define the communication process

a dynamic process best understood through a Person-by-Situation Model. the effectiveness of a message depends on how the individuals and the environment collide

What is the purposed of communication?

• Persuasion

• Evaluation

• Information

• Motivation

• Problem-Solving

What are the types of communication?

• interpersonal communication

• nonverbal communication

• intrapersonal communication

Define interpersonal communication

at least two people in a meaningful exchange

Define nonverbal communication

nonverbal cues including physical appearance, posture, gestures, body position, touching, facial expressions, and voice characteristics

Define intrapersonal communication

self-talk, the communication we have with ourselves—intrapersonal communication or internal dialogue affects motivation and behavior

Describe how messages can be sent effectively?

• be direct

• own your message

  • Use “I” and “my” when referencing your messages

• be complete and specific

• be clear and concise

• state your needs and feelings clearly

• separate fact from opinion

• focus on one thing at a time

• deliver messages immediately

• deliver & alignment

  • be supportive

  • align nonverbal cues

  • reinforce with repetition

• clarity & interpretation

  • no hidden agendas

  • tailor to frame of reference

  • look for feedback

what are the six C’s of communication

• clear

• concise

• correct

• complete

• constructive

What are the guidelines for electronic and social media communication?

• always conduct yourself in a professional manner—in a way that parallels what you would do in a face-to-face professional setting.

• never use personal accounts for professional business. establish a business account or use the account of your employer.

• even when using personal accounts for communication with friends and family, assume these could end up in the public domain. conduct yourself in a professional manner

• monitor content related to you and request that undesirable content about you be removed.

• determine whether your organization or employer has guidelines for electronic communications.

• when communicating with minors, it is good practice to copy their parent or guardian.

• never criticize other professionals in online forums.

• do not exchange private information with professional clients, whether they are students, patients, or athletes.

• do not take audio or video recordings or photos of clients without their written permission.

• be aware of your company’s policy on using work devices for personal communications, especially during working hours.

• if you are upset with someone, do not fire off an emotional communication. place it in drafts, wait 24 hours, reread it, and then decide whether it should be edited or not sent at all.

• avoid anger, criticism, harsh language, and sarcasm in electronic messages.

• never comment or criticize clients online, even if unnamed.

• always consider the privacy of your client.

• always maintain professional boundaries in your electronic communications and social media use.

How do you receive messages effectively?

• active listening

• supportive listening

• aware listening

• empathy and caring

Which term is being described below?

• Ask questions, paraphrase, attend to main and supporting ideas, acknowledge and respond, give appropriate feedback, and pay attention to the speaker’s total communication (verbal and nonverbal).

• Typical lead-ins paraphrases such as

  • What I hear you saying is…

  • Let me see if I’ve got this right. You said…

  • What you’re telling me is…

• Examples

  • Statement: “I am thinking about increasing my exercise times from 3 days a week to 5 days a week, but I'm not sure this is the best thing to do right now.”

  • Question: “What do you gain or lose by increasing your exercise times?”

  • Paraphrase: “It sounds as though you’re struggling with trying to balance getting fit with other demands in your life.”

Active Listening

Which term is being described below?

• You are “with” the speaker & value the person’s message.

• Use supportive behaviors as you listen.

• Use confirming behaviors as you listen.

• Use both verbal and nonverbal listening behaviors.

Supportive listening

Which term is being described below?

• Be aware that people react differently to the way you communicate and listen to them

• Be flexible.

• Be alert for barriers and breakdowns in communication.

Aware Listening

Which term is being described below?

• The ability of a person to perceive, recognize, and understand the feelings, behaviors, intentions, and attitudes of others and has long been viewed as an important prerequisite to effective communication.

• Examples

  • Realizing a client is missing reps not because they are “lazy,” but because they are visibly anxious and overwhelmed by a high-pressure environment.

  • Noticing a player is quiet with withdrawn at a team dinner, helping the coach realize that yelling at them during a game will cause them to shut down.

  • Asking a client directly after a grueling conditioning circuit: “What was going through your mind during that final set when your pace slowed down?”

Empathy and caring

Why is caring important?

The more an athlete, exerciser, or student feels that the individuals who teach and mentor them care, the better the communication will be.

What are barriers to effective communication?

• receiver not paying attention to the sender

• receiver’s tendency to evaluate and judge the communication

• lack of trust between the individuals attempting to communicate

• difficulties in expression or reluctance to communicate

• belief that silence is safer

• inconsistency between actions and words

How do you identify breakdowns in communication?

• Sender failures

  • When the person delivering the message uses ambiguous language or displays contradictory body language.

    • Can cause barriers to effective communication!

  • example

    • A coach telling a runner, “Go run hard today,” without specifying distance, pace, or heart-rate zones, leaving the athlete guessing.

• Receiver Failures

  • When the person listening fails to pay close attention or twists the meaning of the message.

    • example

      • A coach says, “Your form is dropping on there reps,” and the defensive athlete interprets it as a personal attack (“My coach thinks I’m a failure”) rather than a safety correction.

What are ways to improve communication?

• Communication that emphasized acceptance (e.g., making sure everyone was included) and distinctiveness (e.g., using player nicknames) has been found to be positively related to task cohesion in teams.

• Suggested rules include:

  • Everyone on the team must be receptive to the opinions of others (i.e., don’t be defensive or resistant).

  • Be constructive, not destructive (e.g., criticize behaviors, not the person).

  • Whatever is discussed in the meeting stays there (i.e., information is confidential).

  • Everyone will have a chance to speak.

  • Each team member should have at least one positive thing to say about everyone else.

How can someone deal with confrontation and conflict?

• Engaging in team building early in the season

• Addressing conflicts early

• Engaging mediators in the resolution of conflict

• Holding structured (rather than unstructured) team meetings

How do you deliver constructive criticsm?

Through the sandwich approach

What is the sandwhich approach?

• A positive statement

• A future-oriented instruction

• A compliment

What is an example of the Sandwich Approach?

“Sally, you are really working hard out there. Next time, try to slow down and not get ahead of the music. You’re getting there; keep up the good work.”

What does psychological skills training (PST) entails?

To systematic and consistent practice of mental or psychological skills for the purpose of enhancing performance, increasing enjoyment or achieving great sport and physical activity self-satisfaction.

Why is sport and exercise participants neglectful of PST?

• lack of knowledge

• misunderstandings about psychological skills

• lack of time

What are the three phases of PST programs?

• Education Phase

• Acquisition Phase

• Practice Phase

Which PST phase is being defined?

• Has 3 primary objectives:

  • To automate skills through overlearning

  • To teach people to systematically integrate psychological skills

  • To stimulate skills people will want to apply in actual competition

• Ex. An athlete would begin this phase after becoming proficient in relaxation and cognitive coping skills.

Practice Phase

Which PST phase is being defined?

• Focus on strategies and techniques for learning the various psychological skills.

  • Ex. Formal meetings might focus on replacing negative self-statements that surface under stressful competitive conditions with positive coping statements.

Acquisition Phase

What PST phase is being defined?

• Participants quickly recognize how important it is to acquire psychological skills and how the skills affect performance.

• May last as little as an hour and as long as several hours over the course of a few days.

• Ex. In teaching the skill of regulating arousal states, you would explain the causes of anxiety and the relationship between arousal and performance. You would tell athletes to learn to find their own optimal level of arousal.

Education Phase

What is the ultimate foal of PST?

To have athletes effectively function on their own without needing constant direction from a coach or sport psychologist.

Identify which example uses the right way to psychological skill training below.

• An athlete like David identifies his performance anxiety issues when runners on base, commits to improvement, and develops strategies to manage his environment and sustain efforts by staring strictly at the dirt between pitches and avoiding all eye contact with the batters or baserunners so he doesn’t get intimidated.

• An athlete like Mike identities his free throw issues, commits to improvement, and develops strategies to manage his environment and sustain efforts.

• An athlete like Chloe identifies her loss of focus during critical match points, commits to improvements, and develops strategies to manage her environment and sustain effort by creating a massive, rigid 15-step physical routine.

• An athlete like Jordan identifies his self-doubt issues when attempting new personal records, commits to improvement, and develops strategies to manage his environment and sustain efforts by refusing to lift unless his coach stand directly in front of him loudly screaming barbell.

An athlete like Mike identities his free throw issues, commits to improvement, and develops strategies to manage his environment and sustain efforts.