A&P EXAM 1

anatomy

The study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another.

coastal cartilage

hyaline- cartilage that connects your ribs to your sternum (breastbone)

physiology

the study of how body parts function

form determines function

The structure/shape of a body part determines what it is able to do.

Complementarity of structure and function

function always reflects structure; what a structure can do depends on its specific form

Anatomical position

Standing upright, facing forward, feet forward, arms at sides, and palms facing forward.

chemical level

Atoms and molecules that make up the body.

cellular level

Molecules combine to form cells, the basic structural and functional units of life.

tissue level

groups of similar cells that have a common function

organ level

Two or more tissue types working together to perform specific functions.

organ system level

Multiple organs working together to perform major body functions.

Order of biological organization

Chemical → Cellular → Tissue → Organ → Organ system → Organism

basic structural and functional unit of life

cell

Integumentary system function

protect tissues, regulate body temperature, support sensory receptors

Skeletal system function

Supports and protects the body; allows movement; stores minerals; produces blood cells.

Muscular system function

Produces movement; maintains posture; generates heat.

nervous system function

Rapid communication, control, and response to stimuli.

Endocrine system function

Hormonal regulation of body processes.

Cardiovascular system function

Transports blood, oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and wastes.

lymphatic system function

Returns fluid to blood, supports immunity, and absorbs dietary fats.

respiratory system function

Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide.

digestive system function

Breaks down food and absorbs nutrients.

urinary system function

Eliminates waste from the body; regulates water balance of the blood

Reproductive system function

produce offspring

what organs make up the cardiovascular system

heart and blood vessels

what organs make up the respiratory system

lungs and airways

What organs make up the digestive system

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

What are the 8 requirements for life?

maintaining boundaries

movement

responsiveness

digestion

metabolism

excretion

reproduction

growth

maintaining boundaries

Separating internal body fluids from the external environment

movement

Movement of the body, organs, cells, or substances within the body

responsiveness

the ability to detect and react to stimuli

digestion

Breaking down food

metabolism

all the chemical reactions that occur in the body

excretion

removal of metabolic waste.

Reproduction

production of new cells or organisms

Growth

increase in body size or number of cells

Homeostasis

body's ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment despite changes inside or outside the body

variable (homeostasis)

factor being regulated (like body temp or blood glucose)

Stimulus (homeostasis)

change in variable that causes a response

receptor/ sensor (homeostasis)

Detects a change in the variable and sends information to the control center

control center (homeostasis)

processes the signal and sends instructions

Effector (homeostasis)

carries out the response directed by the control center

What are the components of a homeostatic feedback loop?

stimulus, receptor, control center, effector, response

negative feedback loop

Reverses the original change to bring the body back toward normal.

example of negative feedback loop

Body gets too hot → sweating → body cools down

positive feedback loop

Strengthens the original change, making it continue or increase

positive feedback loop example

Labor begins → contractions increase → more contractions

What is the difference between negative and positive feedback?

Negative feedback reduces the original change, while positive feedback enhances it.

superior

toward the head

Inferior

away from the head / below

Anterior (ventral)

front of the body

Posterior (dorsal)

back of body

medial

toward the midline

Lateral

away from the midline

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment

Distal

away from the point of attachment

superficial

toward or at the body's surface

deep

away from the surface

ipsilateral

on the same side of the body

Contralateral

on the opposite side of the body

The nose is _____ to the ears

medial

The skin is __________ to the muscles.

superficial (external)

The heart is _______ to the diaphragm

superior

sural region

back part of the lower leg

The wrist is ________ to the elbow.

distal

the elbow is ______ to the wrist

proximal

Cephallic

head

Cervical

neck

Thoracic/ thorax

chest

Abdominal

abdomen

Pelvic

pelvis

brachial

UPPER arm

Antebrachial

forearm between the elbow and wrist

Antebrachial

forearm

Carpal

wrist

manual

hand

Femoral

thigh

Crural

leg

Tarsal

ankle

pedal

foot

Patellar

front of knee

Popliteal

back of knee

Gluteal

buttock

Dorsal

back

frontal region refers to the

forehead

sternum

Flat bone in the front of the chest

The sternum is _____ to the vertebral column

anterior

inguinal

groin

orbital

eye

mental

chin

axillary

armpit

mammary

breast

Umbilical

navel/ belly button

pubic

genital

acromial

shoulder

brachial

upper arm

Antecubital

front elbow

Pollex

thumb

Digital

fingers