STS

Spanish Occupation

• Formal education institutions were developed and scientific organizations were launched. 

• Medicine and biology were taught in different educational and training institutions. 

• The natives were trained to use innovative approaches in farming. 

• Engineering was introduced and developed as well.

American Occupation

• Institutions for science and technology were recognized as well. 

• Laboratorio Municipal was replaced by Bureau of Government Laboratories and was changed to Bureau of Science 

• The National Research Council of the Philippines was established in 1933. 

• Developments were focused on agriculture, medicine, and pharmacy, food processing, and forestry. 

• The Bureau of Science was replaced by the Institute of Science in 1946.

PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD

• Herbal medicines were used to treat illness 

• Writing, numerical, measurement and calendar systems were used for trading. 

• Farming, fishing, mining, and weaving were first livelihood skills developed – Banawe Rice Terraces

Instrumental

Technology is a mean to an end

• Technology is not an end in itself; it is a means to an end

• Aimed as to how things get done

• Technology is viewed as a tool available to individuals, groups, and communities that desire to make an impact on society.

Anthropological

Technology is a human activity

• Human activity to achieve an end and to produce and use a means to an end is, by itself. 

• The production or invention of technological equipment, tools and machines, the products and inventions, and the purpose and functions they serve are what define technology.

Calculative thinking

Desire to put an order to nature

Meditative thinking

Allows the nature to reveal itself

The Sword of Damocles

an analogy to technology in a dangerous world

Technological Advantages

• Efficiency • Time • Communication • Jobs • Education • Transportation • Creation

Central Dogma of Biology

DNA, RNA, and protein molecule

Genomics

deals with the DNA sequence organization, function, and evolution of genes

Proteomics

aims to identify all the proteins in a cell or organism including any posttranslational modified forms, as well as their cellular localization, functions and interactions

gene cloning or genetic engineering

Genomics was made possible by the invention of techniques of recombinant DNA

Biotechnology

use of living organisms in any form

Drying or “dehydrating”

a method of food preservation that removes enough moisture from the food so bacteria, yeast and molds cannot grow

Fermentation

process where microorganisms are used to produce a product

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

Are products of artificial manipulation and alternation of a species’ genetic material in a laboratory using genetic engineering (transgenic organisms) - transfer of genes

Humulin

First GMO approved by the Food and Drugs Administration (FDA), type of insulin produced using genetically engineered E.coli bacteria

Bovine Somatotropin (bST)

FDA approved metabolic protein hormone used to increase milk production in dairy cows for commercial use

Flavr Sar

FDA approved tomato for sale on grocery stores which delays its ripening effect and gives it a longer shelf life compared with natural tomatoes

Golden Rice

Developed in the Philippines to address vitamin A deficiency, which is a public health issue in Asian countries where rice is a staple food crop. Variety of Oryza sativa genetically modified to biosynthesize beta-carotene, a precursor of Vitamin A, in the edible parts of rice

Yorkshire Pig

Genetically modified to produce offspring that produce the enzyme phytase in their saliva to digest plant phosphorus, unlike that of normal pigs

Cloning

• process by which identical copies of an organism are made. 

• the copy, or clone, possesses the same genetic material as the original organism

Genetic Engineering

• processes in which scientists manipulate genes to create purposefully different versions of organisms

• geneticists have even introduced genes from one species to another.

C.R.I.S.P.R. Technology

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats, Shorthand for CRISPR-CaS9

C.R.I.S.P.R. Technology

DNA snippets of viruses in a bacterial DNA (new DNA becomes part of their own) 

• Cancer • Blood disorders • Blindness • AIDS • Cystic fibrosis • Muscular dystrophy • Huntington’s Disease

7 Diseases that can be cured by CRISPR

3-Parent Baby

Human offspring produced from the genetic material of one man and two women through the use of assisted reproductive technologies, specifically mitochondrial manipulation (or replacement) technologies and three-person in vitro fertilization (IVF)

Synthetic Biology

• The design and construction of new biological parts, devices, and systems and the re-design of existing, natural biological systems for useful purposes. 

• Engineer’s approach to biology

Diagnostic test

1. show if you have an active coronavirus infection and should take steps to quarantine or isolate yourself from others. 

2. molecular tests, such as RT-PCR tests, that detect the virus’s genetic material (nucleic acid detection)

3. antigen tests that detect specific proteins on the surface of the virus.

Antibody test (Serology)

1. looks for antibodies that are made by your immune system in response to a threat, such as a specific virus. Antibodies can help fight infections. Antibodies can take several days or weeks to develop after you have an infection and may stay in your blood for several weeks or more after recovery. Because of this, antibody tests should not be used to diagnose an active coronavirus infection.

2. Detect immune response to SARS-CoV-2-exposure

Personal Health Monitoring (PHM)

A portable device that can be worn to record and monitor healthrelated data outside the hospital.

Nanotechnology

A part of science and technology about the control of matter on the atomic and molecular scale; manipulation of matter on an atomic to subatomic scale

Designer babies

A baby genetically engineered in vitro for specially selected traits or a baby whose genetic makeup has been altered or chosen to provide the desired genome

Cloning

Allow parents who have lost a child a chance to redress their loss using the DNA of their deceased child

One Health Approach

Design and implement programs, policies, legislation, and research in which multiple sectors work together to achieve better public health outcomes

One Health Approach

resilience & adaptation, individual & community well being

Health

a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

Wellbeing

describes a situation in which people are free to choose to do and be what they value

Emotional

Coping effectively with life and creating satisfying relationships

Financial

Satisfaction with current and future financial situations

Social

Developing a sense of connection, belonging, and a well-developed support system

Spiritual

Expanding our sense of purpose and meaning in life

Occupational

Personal satisfaction and enrichment derived from one’s work

Physical

Recognizing the need for physical activity, diet, sleep, and nutrition

Intellectual

Recognizing creative abilities and finding ways to expand knowledge and skills

Environmental

Good health by occupying pleasant, stimulating environments that support well-being

Health Hazards

• Wellness risks which are usually expressed as probabilities/chances

• Probability of suffering harm from an agent that can cause injury, disease, death, economic loss, or damage

Chemical Hazards

from harmful chemicals in air, water, soil, food, and human-made products

Natural Hazards

such as fire earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods, and storms

Cultural Hazards

such as unsafe working conditions, unsafe highways, criminal assault, and poverty

Lifestyle Choices

such as smoking, making poor food choices, drinking too much alcohol, and having unsafe sex

Biological hazards

from more than 1,400 pathogens that can infect humans (pathogen is a biological agent that can cause disease in another organism)

Zoonoses

diseases or infections that are naturally transmissible from animals to humans

Infectious disease

when a pathogen such as a bacterium, virus, or parasite invades the body and multiplies in its cells and tissues (e.g. Tuberculosis, flu, malaria, measles)

Bacteria

single-cell organisms that are found everywhere. Most are harmless or beneficial. A bacterial disease results from an infection as the bacteria multiply and spread throughout the body.

Viruses

maller than bacteria and work by invading a cell and taking over its genetic machinery to copy themselves. They then multiply and spread throughout one’s body, causing a viral disease such as flu or AIDS

Transmissible disease

infectious bacterial or viral disease that can be transmitted from one person to another. “communicable”

Non-transmissible disease

caused by an agent/event other than a living organism and does not spread from one person to another. “noncommunicable” (e.g. cardiovascular (heart and blood vessel) diseases, most cancers, asthma, and diabetes)

COVID-19

Coronavirus Disease 2019

COVID-19

Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus or SARS-CoV-2

Wuhan, China, in late December 201

first cases were identified in people with pneumonia (covid 19)

UST CoV-2Model

Epidemiological model that predicts the future behavior of a viral pandemic by examining how it has spread in the past.

Ecosystem Diversity

different habitats, niches, species interactions

Species Diversity

different kinds of organisms, relationships among species

Genetic Diversity

different genes and combination of genes in species

Pollution

land, air, and water pollution from excessive and improper waste disposal

Urbanization

the process by which large numbers of people become permanently concentrated in relatively small areas, forming cities

Climate Change

used to describe the complex shifts now affecting the planet’s weather and climate systems