sports med chapter 21

environmental situations and injuries, wounds and fractures, inflammatory process, PRICE/RICE

Hyperthermia

Definition: Abnormally high body temperature from failed heat regulation; S/S: dizziness, headache, confusion; Tx: move to shade, cool body, hydrate.

Heat cramps

Definition: Painful muscle spasms from fluid/electrolyte loss; S/S: cramping, sweating; Tx: rest, stretch, replenish fluids/electrolytes.

Heat syncope

Definition: Fainting from blood pooling in heat; S/S: dizziness, collapse; Tx: elevate legs, hydrate, cool environment.

Heat exhaustion

Definition: Inability to sustain cardiac output in heat; S/S: heavy sweating, nausea, weakness; Tx: remove from heat, cool with fluids/fans, rest.

Heat stroke

Definition: Life-threatening failure of thermoregulation; S/S: hot/dry skin, confusion, possible unconsciousness; Tx: call EMS, rapid cooling (ice bath/ice packs).

Exertional hyponatremia

Definition: Low blood sodium from excessive water intake; S/S: swelling, nausea, confusion, seizures; Tx: restrict fluids, seek medical help, IV sodium if severe.

common frostnip

Definition: Superficial cold injury without permanent damage; S/S: pale, numb skin; Tx: rewarm gradually, avoid rubbing.

frost bite

Definition: Tissue freezing causing cell damage; S/S: hard, white/gray skin, numbness; Tx: rapid rewarming, medical care for severe cases.

hypothermia

• Definition: Dangerous drop in core temperature; S/S: shivering, confusion, slowed pulse; Tx: remove wet clothing, rewarm gradually, hospital care if severe.

evaporation

Definition: Heat loss as sweat changes to vapor; S/S: most effective in dry heat, less in humidity; Tx: encourage hydration and airflow to aid cooling.

conduction

Definition: Heat transfer through direct contact with a surface; S/S: body warms/cools depending on surface (ex: ice pack or hot turf); Tx: use cold packs or remove from hot surfaces

convection

Definition: Heat transfer through movement of air or fluid; S/S: warm/cool air currents affect body temp; Tx: use fans, wind, or water immersion for cooling.

abrasion

Superficial scrape of the skin from rubbing against a rough surface.

incision

Clean, straight cut usually from a sharp object (like a knife).

laceration

Jagged, irregular cut or tear in the skin.

avulsion

Tissue torn away from its normal position, sometimes taking skin/muscle with it.

puncture

Deep wound caused by a pointed object (like a nail).

blisters

Fluid-filled pockets under skin caused by friction or burns.

contusion 

Bruise from direct impact causing bleeding under the skin.

coup injuries

Brain injury at the site of impact.

contrecoup injuries

Brain injury on the side opposite the impact.

strain

Injury to a muscle or tendon (overstretch or tear).

sprain

Injury to a ligament (stretch or tear).

itis

Suffix meaning inflammation (e.g., tendonitis = tendon inflammation).

synovitis

Inflammation of the synovial membrane in a joint.

bursitis

Inflammation of a bursa (fluid-filled sac cushioning joints).

myositis

Inflammation of muscle tissue.

fasciitis

Inflammation of fascia, connective tissue around muscles (e.g., plantar fasciitis).

diaphysis

The shaft or long central part of a long bone that provides strength and support.

epiphysis

The rounded ends of a long bone where growth plates are located and joints form.

membranes

Thin layers of tissue (like periosteum around bone or endosteum inside) that protect, nourish, and aid in repair.

simple(closed) fracture

Bone breaks but does not pierce the skin.

compound (open) fracture

Bone breaks and protrudes through the skin.

depressed fracture

Bone is crushed inward, often in the skull.

transverse fracture

Break occurs straight across the bone.

comminuted fracture

Bone shatters into three or more pieces.

oblique fracture

Break occurs at an angle across the bone.

epiphyseal

Break occurs at the growth plate of a bone end.

greenstick fracture

Partial break where one side of the bone bends (common in children).

avulsion fracture

Fragment of bone is pulled off by a tendon or ligament.

impacted fracture

Bone ends are driven into each other.

blowout fracture

Fracture of the eye socket from direct trauma.

inflammation

The body’s protective response to injury or infection, characterized by redness, heat, swelling, pain, and sometimes loss of function.

5 cardinal signs of inflammation

• Redness (Rubor)

• Heat (Calor)

• Swelling (Tumor)

• Pain (Dolor)

• Loss of Function (Functio Laesa)

phase 1 injury

Inflammatory Phase – Immediately after injury; characterized by redness, swelling, pain, and heat as the body starts cleaning damaged tissue.

phase 2 injury 

Repair (Proliferation) Phase – Body rebuilds tissue with new cells and collagen; swelling decreases and function gradually returns.

phase 3 injury

Remodeling (Maturation) Phase – Collagen fibers strengthen and reorganize; tissue regains maximum strength and flexibility over time.

chronic inflammation

A prolonged, slow inflammatory response that can last weeks to years, often causing tissue damage and contributing to diseases.

antipyretic drug

A drug that reduces fever.

analgesic drug

A drug that relieves pain.

anti-inflammatory drug

A drug that reduces inflammation, swelling, and redness.

P(price)

protection

R(price)

rest

I(price)

ice

C(price)

compression

E(price)

elevation

L(love)

loud

O(love)

optimism

V(love)

vascularization

E(love)

exercise