child ado question

Human development

Pattern of movement/change beginning at conception and continuing throughout the lifespan.

Cephalocaudal development

Development from head to feet.

Proximodistal development

Development from the body's center outward.

Four characteristics of life-span development

Lifelong, multidimensional, plastic, contextual.

Three domains of development

Biological, cognitive, and socioemotional.

Freud's five psychosexual stages

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital.

Freud's three personality components

Id, Ego, Superego.

Principle followed by the id

Pleasure principle.

Principle followed by the ego

Reality principle.

What the superego represents

Morality/conscience.

Piaget's four cognitive stages

Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational.

Object permanence

Understanding that an object continues to exist even when out of sight.

Assimilation

Fitting new experience into an existing schema.

Accommodation

Creating/changing a schema to handle new information.

Equilibration

Balance between assimilation and accommodation.

ZPD

Difference between what a learner can do independently and what they can do with guidance.

Scaffolding

Temporary support that helps a learner accomplish a task, followed by gradual release toward independence.

Kohlberg's three levels

Preconventional, Conventional, Postconventional.

Kohlberg's six stages

Punishment/Obedience, Mutual Benefit, Social Approval, Law and Order, Social Contract, Universal Principle.

Bronfenbrenner's five systems

Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem, Chronosystem.

Teratology

Field that investigates causes of congenital/birth defects.

Teratogen

Something that causes birth defects.

FAS

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, a cluster of abnormalities associated with heavy maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy.

Examples of psychoactive drugs

Nicotine, caffeine, marijuana, cocaine, and heroin.

Examples of environmental hazards

Radiation, carbon monoxide, mercury, and lead.

Chromosomal abnormality

A change in the content or structure of chromosomes.

AIDS

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, caused by HIV.

Three ways genital herpes can be transmitted from mother to child

Through the placenta during gestation, during delivery through blood/fluids, and postpartum through breastfeeding.

Examples of paternal prenatal risk factors

Lead, radiation, certain pesticides, petrochemicals, and older paternal age.