PSYCH257 TEST 2

2 Types of Mood Disorders

unipolar and bipolar

key characteristic of mood disorders

manic and depressive episodes

blue part of the mood spectrum

major depression and dysthymia

red/orange part of the mood spectrum

hypomania and mania

Major Depressive Disorder

5+ symptoms over 2 weeks, cannot have history of hypo/mania, changes in appetite/sleep, sluggish, feeling worthless, brain fog and thoughts of death/suicide

Persistent Depressive Disorder

depressed mood most of the time for 2yrs, 2+ symptoms w/ minimal break in btwn, poor diet/sleep, fatigue, low self-esteem, brain fog, feelings of hopelessness

double depression

PDD and MDD

Bipolar I

at least 1 manic ep, grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, pressured speech, racing thoughts, distractability, increased in goal-directed activity, risky behaviour

Bipolar II

major depressive ep and hypomanic ep, same symptoms as Bipolar I but lasts 4+ days

Main difference btwn Bipolar I and II

Type I has social and occupational dysfunction, Type II doesn’t

Cyclothymic Disorder

rapid switching btwn hypomania and dysthymia, lasts at least 2yrs w/ 1yr for kids

biological causes of mood disorders

genetics, neurotransmitter imbalances, cortisol influx, disruption of sleep-wake cycle

Psychological causes of mood disorders

stressful life events, learned helplessness, pessimism, neuroticism (general negativity)

Medication for depressive disorders

Tricyclic antidepressants, Monomine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) and SSRIs

Medication for bipolar

SSRIs, Lithium and Valproate

Psychological treatments for mood disorders

behavioural activation, getting enough sleep, med adherence, establishing/sticking to a routine, challenging negative thoughts while creating more balanced thinking.

People w/ bipolar are at higher risk of suicide. why?

the development of suicidal ideation while depressed combined with the energy and motivation to attempt while manic.

PTSD

Emotional disorder one month after a traumatic incident (war, physical/sexual assault, natural disaster, etc.)

PTSD Criterion A Stresors

exposure to real/threatened death, serious injury or sexual violence

different kinds of exposure to Criterion A stressors

direct exposure, witnessing trauma, learning trauma happened to loved one, indirect exposure to details of trauma

4 categories of PTSD symptoms

re-experiencing via nightmares/flashbacks, avoidance of intense feelings and reminders of events, negative changes to mood/cognition, reactivity/hypervigilance/increased startle response

two PTSD specifiers

delayed expression (6 mo after event), with dissociative symptoms

two types of dissociation

depersonalization (detached from oneself), derealization (world isn’t real/dreamlike)

PTSD Causes

anxious predisposition, intensity & severity of trauma (resnick et al 1993), lack of social support

How does PTSD change the brain?

overactive amygdala & shrinking hippocampus cause hypervigilance, emotional dysregulation, flashbacks, memory gaps & difficulty separating past/present

PTSD Maintence Factors

einforcing fear pathways and weakening memory regulation (neuroplasticity), repeated stress exposure prevents regulation and avoidance behaviours prevent processing trauma

PTSD Psychological treatments

Imaginal exposure w/ relaxation training, eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)

PTSD Biological Treatment

SSRIs, Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)

C-PTSD in recognized in the ___

ICD-11

C-PTSD Causes

prolonged exposure to interpersonal traumatic events (abuse/neglect)

additional symptoms of C-PTSD

extreme mood swings, issues w/ trust/intimacy, lacking identity/feeling othered

C-PTSD Treatment

DBT, coping w/ traumatic memories & improving emotional regulation, self-concept and relationship skills

Anorexia Nervosa

less than 18.5 BMI, fear of weight gain/weight gain avoidance, distorted perception of body/their body dictates their self-worth/denial of seriousness of low weight

2 Subtypes of Anorexia Nervosa

Restrictive and Binge-purge

AN Dx Criteria uses BMI. what are better approaches?

assessing physical symptoms (heart & electrolytes), psychological distress and behaviours

Bulimia Nervosa

binge eating 1x wk for 3 mo, recurrent laxative use/fasting/vomiting/excessive exercise, over-eval of shape/weight, AN BMI criteria not met

what is a binge?

2+ meals worth of food within a 2hr timeframe w/ loss of control

Binge-eating Disorder

bingeing eps 1x wk for 3 mo, upset they can’t stop and no purging (may have restricted eating)

---

has the highest mortality rate of all psych disorders because of suicide and heart attacks.

Anorexia

Physical problems caused by AN

cardiac issues, weak teeth from stomach acid, anemia & iron deficiencies

What is the most common specifier of an ED for men?

body dysmorphic disorder with muscle dysmorphia

Why are men not commonly Dxed for an ED?

underdiagnosis, stigma, different presentation and lack of research

sociocultural causes of EDs

Western beauty standards, fatphobia, diet/fitness culture

Biological causes of EDs

highly heritable (AN 50-80%, BN 50-60%), genetic factors connect to certain personality traits common in EDs

psychological factors of EDs

parental attitudes towards food, weight & body image, trauma/abuse (coping mechanism), peer pressure, personality, thinking patterns, emotional dysregulation

ED barriers to help-seeking

shame/denial, lack of access and completes an emotional cycle (regulation, trauma avoidance, social reward)

ED Treatments

CBT/DBT: mindfulness, fear exposure, weight restoration, establish eating schedule, moderate exercise

other factors to consider for ED treatment

coping w emotional distress, identity outside of ED, relating to feelings/body, social circles w positive POV of food/body image

Normative sleep

non-rem and rem stages lasting 90min, stage 4 disappears later and rem dominates til morning, rem for memory consolidation and emotional processing

4 theories of why we sleep

restoration, evolutionary, info consolidation and waste clearance

why do we dream?

memory consolidation and fear reduction theory

sleep deprivation occurs when adults get less than __ hours of sleep.

6

physical effects of sleep deprivation

increased heart rate variability/risk of heart disease, impaired immune system, risk of diabetes 2, decreased reaction time/accuracy, tremors and aches, growth suppression, obesity risk and decreased temp.

psychological effects of sleep deprivation

distractibility, emotional dysregulation, poor attention, anxiety, depression, irritable/easily frustrated, poor motivation/organization

Losing sleep for a whole night leads to cognitive deficits equal to ___

having a BAC of 0.1%

2 major types of sleep disorders

dyssomnias and parasomnias

Dyssomnia Disorders

difficulties getting enough sleep, problems w timing of sleep, complaints about quality of sleep

Parasomnia Disorders

abnormal events that occur during sleep (nightmares, sleep walking)

Insomnia Disorder

Dissatisfaction with initiating/maintaining/inability to return to sleep, clinically significant distress/impairment, 3 nights/wk for 3+ mo w adequate opportunity for sleep

how do sleep disorders develop?

a biological vulnerability and sleep stress leads to sleep disturbance and maladaptive reactions

Insomnia maintenance factors

distorted perception of sleep length/quality, intrusive worries when trying to sleep, unhelpful beliefs about sleep, conserve energy during daytime, endorse positive meta-beliefs about benefits of worrying in bed

treatment for insomnia

Benzodiazepines, sedatives, melatonin, CBT

healthy sleep tips used in cbt

stick to routine, bedtime ritual, avoid naps, exercise daily, bed is comfy and room is conducive to sleeping, bright lights manage circadian rhythm, avoid alcohol/cigs/heavy meals in evening