Biomedical Engineering

200,000,000,000-put into scientific notation

2*10^11

You're a construction engineering and one of your responsibilities is to estimate and schedule construction workers to complete projects. You've been given the job to frame a house and you know that 30 men can complete the job in 12 days if the number of working hours per day is 8.

However, you only have a construction crew of 24 workers and your contract requires that you complete the framing in 10 days. If the job is to be completed in 10 days with 24 workers, what will be the working hours per day?

12

You are a civil engineer who is responsible for building a new road. As a part of the road-building project, you must construct a concrete intersection where the new road will cross an existing road. Concrete can be made by mixing cement, sand, and gravel in the ratio 3:6:8. How much gravel is needed to make 850 cubic meters of concrete?

400

8,789,000,000-put into scientific notation

8.789*10^9

0.000008155-put into scientific notation

8.155*10^-6

Engineering Design Step 1

Identify the need

Engineering Design Step 2

Research the problem

Engineering Design Step 3

Brain Storm Solutions

Engineering Design Step 4

Select a promising solutions

Engineering Design Step 5

Build a Prototype

Engineering Design Step 6

Test and evaluate protoype

Engineering Design Step 7

Redesign as needed

A car consumes 25.00 gallons of fuel when driving a distance of 400.0 km. How many gallons will it consume when driving 250.0 miles?

Note: There are 5280 feet in one mile. There are 3.2 feet in one meter.

25.7812

What sensors are used for early detection of infection?

sensors targeting bacteria

temperature sensors

pH sensors

What are signs of advanced infection of a wound during the healing process?

Swelling

Strong Odor

Pain

True or False. The conclusion of a lab report should include information about future directions for research.

True

What is critical to the wound healing process?

moisture

Some fundamental rules of biomedical instrumentation?

There should be minimum disturbance to the physiologic system

The system should be as simple as possible.

The sensor must be in the range of the physiological variable

major components of an instrumentation system?

Sensor

Measurand

Signal Conditioner/Signal Processor

Measurands such as ion concentration and temperature that change slowly can be sampled

infrequently

The encephalogram (EEG) is related to what organ system?

Nervous System

What are the major concerns of the FDA?

safety

efficacy

What category of FDA regulation has the highest risk?

Class III Medical Devices

examples of a Class II medical device

x-ray machine

infusion pump

High risk devices or devices that have no predicate device must undergo a more strenuous approval process that requires clinical trials. This approval is called

premarket approval (PMA)

Devices that similar to another device that is already on the market can undergo a more streamlined regulatory clearance called

510K Premarket Notification

What are the whitish fibers that connect muscles to bones?

Tendons

order that air passes through the respiratory system

Nose

Throat

Trachea

Bronchiolies

Aveoli

3 functions of the skeletal system?

protection

movement

support

A circuit contains two un-equal resistances in parallel. What is true?

potential difference across each is the same

In a series circuit, the equivalent resistance is equal to the

the sum of all the resistors

Conventional flow notation shows _______________ moving from the negative to the positive.

electrons

True or False. In a series circuit, the electrons only have one path they can take.

True

The unit of current is

ampere

Three resistors 2 ohms, 3 ohms, and 4 ohms are connected so that the equivalent resistance is 9 ohms. The resistors are connected

all in series

In the parallel-conductance model of the cell membrane, the resistor in each branch represents

a sodium/potassium pump

At resting potential, the ion distribution inside and outside of a neuron is such that __________ ions are most abundant on the outside of the cell, while __________ ions are most abundant on the inside of the cell.

sodium; potassium

When sodium rushes into the cell after the cell reaches a threshold voltage, the cell membrane is

depolarized

In the cardiac action potential, the movement of which ion is responsible for the plateau phase of the action potential.

calcium

Which processing method is used to increase the amplitude of a weak electrical signal?

amplifier

What processing method is used to pass electrical signals at a specific frequency?

filter

Electrodes convert an__________current to a

electronic____________current.

ionic

electronic

Which technique measures the electrical activity of skeletal muscle at rest and during contraction?

electromyogram

The p-wave of the electrocardiogram measures

atrial depolarization

The QRS complex of the electrocardiogram measures

Ventricular depolarization

EEG is measured simultaneously from different locations on the scalp using which electrode configuration?

10-20 electrode placement

Which of the following is not a way to study brain function?

Electromyography (EMG)

Electrical activity in the heart originates at the

sinoatrial node

Each motor unit of a skeletal muscle cell generates a single motor unit action potential (SMUAP). What are the components is not part of the motor unit?

axon

motor neuron

muscle fibers innervated by axon

What are the main divisions of the nervous system?

peripheral nervous system and central nervous system

True or False. The central nervous system consists only of the brain.

False

What are the parts of neurons?

dendrite, axon, and cell body

Nerve impulses create a change in voltage which is measured by and can be seen on a(n)

electroencephalogram

__________neurons carry impulses from the skin muscles and organs to the brain while__________neurons transmits signals from the central nervous system to muscles and organs.

Sensory

Motor

What are some types of neuroprosthetics?

Retinal Implant

Deep Brain Stimulation

Artificial Limbs

Cochlear Implant

What are used to record signals directly from the brain?

Electrocorticography

Intraparenchymal Electrodes

Electroencephalogram

What peripheral neuroprosthetic devices may penetrate the nerve?

intraneural electrode

What type of brain recordings is slightly invasive but still has excellent spatial resolution?

electrocorticography

Which peripheral neuroprosthetic device is less invasive but has reduced selectivity for fibers with the nerve?

extraneural electrode

Attenuation of radiation is caused by

Scattering

Absorption

The number of x-ray photons that are transmitted through a material depends on

Energy of the photons

Atomic number of the material

Thickness of the material

Computed tomography x-ray techniques allow the subject to be

viewed in various cross-sectional slices

X-ray generators produce radiation through

Bremsstrahlung processes

K-Shell Emission Processes

Which two types of radiation-matter interactions account for the majority of attenuation in x-ray imaging?

Compton Scattering

Photoelectric absorption

X-rays have significant energy which corresponds to their

Short Wave Length

When a photon is emitted from an atom, the energy of the photon depends on how far the electron drops between

Orbitals

X-rays and CT scans use ____________ radiation which can damage cell's DNA and cause cancer.

Ionizing

Similarity between CT and MRI scans

cross sectional images

MRI creates images by manipulating the _____________ atoms in the body.

Hydrogen

A type of MRI exam that involves the study of blood flow in the brain is

functional MRI

What is the key principle of BOLD fMRI?

Active areas of brain consume more oxygen.

What are a source of moving charges in atoms?

Electrons spinning on their axis

The nucleus spinning on its own axis

Electrons orbiting the nucleus

What measures brain structure rather than brain activation?

MRI

True or False. Radio waves are photons with the highest energy.

False

The appearance of the MRI image is dependent on which factors?

Frequency of the radio pulses

Proton density

Strength of the magnetic field

Hydrogen atoms spin similar to a top (precession) at a certain resonance frequency called the

Lamour frequency

Order of Image Making in MRI

Hydrogen atoms spin randomly

Strong magnetic field aligns hydrogen atoms

Hydrogen atoms absorb radio waves emitted at the right frequency

Hydrogen atoms relax back to original position and emit radio waves which are picked up by the sensors

What are the components of an MRI Machine?

RF coils to produce the radio frequency pulses

Superconducting electromagnet

Gradient Coils to produce magnetic field